Thus
Where m is the refractive index of the second medium with respect to the first medium.
for e.g.
the refractive index of glass with respect to air is given as
ratio of -speed of light in air to speed of light in glass.(when light passes from air to glass)
There is insufficient information for us to even begin to understand this question. Please edit the question to include more context or relevant information. The ray of light remains a ray of light
Higher index of refraction means that the speed of light is less in that material.
The ray of light bends towards the normal.
It moves at a slower speed!
Higher to lower.
The ray bends away from the "normal" a line that runs perpendicular through the boundary of the two materials.
it loses energy
The ray of light bends towards the normal.
It moves at a slower speed!
-- its speed decreases -- its wavelength increases -- if it doesn't approach the boundary perpendicular to it, then it bends closer to the perpendicular
Higher to lower.
The ray bends away from the "normal" a line that runs perpendicular through the boundary of the two materials.
An electrons moves from lower energy to higher energy when it is excited.
higher durning the day and lower during the night
It does take energy to move a atom lower state to a higher state. This form of energy could be in the spectrum of light. This could also be in other forms of energy. ie heat thru gamma rays,
Astronomers determine whether a star is moving toward or away from the Earth via the Doppler effect. Imagine a motorcycle moving past you. As it drives towards you, it has a higher frequency, and a lower frequency when it drives away. The same thing happens with light. As an object moves towards us, its light has a higher frequency and lower wavelength - this is called blueshift. As an object moves away from us, its light has a lower frequency and higher wavelength - this is called redshift.
Astronomers determine whether a star is moving toward or away from the Earth via the Doppler effect. Imagine a motorcycle moving past you. As it drives towards you, it has a higher frequency, and a lower frequency when it drives away. The same thing happens with light. As an object moves towards us, its light has a higher frequency and lower wavelength - this is called blueshift. As an object moves away from us, its light has a lower frequency and higher wavelength - this is called redshift.
Ionosphere
It takes no time as electrons can not exist in an inbetween state of charge