Shulchan Aruch was created in 1565.
In shulchan aruch (code of Jewish law). Also see Mishnah Berurah.
Jewish law is called 'halacha'. Halacha is recorded in the Talmud and the Code of Jewish Law (Shulchan Aruch).
Abraham A. Glicksberg has written: 'Educational values in the Shulchan aruch' -- subject(s): Jewish religious education
Anywhere on the neck. (Chulin 1:4; Shulchan Aruch YD 20) On a giraffe this is easy to find; on a sparrow it's very difficult.
The Shulchan Aruch (שׁוּלחָן עָרוּך‎) literally, "Set Table"is a code of Jewish law, authored and published by Rabbi Yosef Karo in the 16th century. It is considered the most widely accepted compilation of Jewish law since the Talmud.
Aruch's population is 1,016.
I've heard that the period of the Acharonim started with the completion of the Shulchan Aruch. That would technically make Rabbi Yosef Karo the first Acharon. (One should probable research this further.)
Jewish Religious Law is called HALAKHA (הלכה). Halakha is derived from both the Written Torah, the first five books of the Old Testament, and the Oral Torah, a number of Rabbi edited books and treatises like the Mishnah, Talmud, Shulchan Aruch, and Derekh Hashem.
The two parts of the question require separate answers. The Jewish Holy Book is the Jewish Bible (the Tanakh), of which the most important section is the Torah (the Pentateuch). More information about the the Tanakh can be found at the Related Question below on Jewish Holy Books. There is no book that aggregates all of the different Jewish Laws, since Judaism is always encountering new situations and needing to reapply pre-existing laws and precedents to new situations. Probably the best place to find a coherent set of laws that represents (more or less) what Judaism's laws are is the "Set Table" or Shulchan Aruch, which was written in the 1560s by Rabbi Joseph Caro. An abbreviated English translation, the Kitzur Shulchan Aruch, is also available.
It is permitted to engage in the kinds of labor that are prohibited on the Sabbath and festivals, i.e., traveling, writing, using electricity, cooking, etc., especially for the purpose of performing a mitzva or enjoying the day. It is strongly discouraged, however, to treat Purim as a normal workday, and it is written that one who engages in such labor will not derive benefit from it (Shulchan Aruch 696:1).
A Gartel (in Hebrew its called a ezor) is a belt worn by Jews during prayer. The reasoning for this practice can be found in the Shulchan Aruch which states that "One must wear a gartel while praying, even if he has a belt so that his heart doesn't see his private parts; this is in order [to fulfill the dictum], 'Prepare [yourself to meet your G-d, O Israel]'
Nathan ben Jehiel has written: 'Plenus aruch, Targum - Talmudico - Midrasch' -- subject(s): Talmud, Hebrew language, Dictionaries 'Plenus aruch, Targum - Talmudico - Midrasch' -- subject(s): Talmud, Hebrew language, Dictionaries 'Plenus aruch, Targum - Talmudico - Midrasch' -- subject(s): Talmud, Hebrew language, Dictionaries 'Plenus aruch, Targum - Talmudico - Midrasch' -- subject(s): Talmud, Hebrew language, Dictionaries