Spain is a country, or a nation state.
Carlos I of Spain inherited the Monarchies of Castile, Leon, and Aragon in 1516 in effect making all three kingdoms one Kingdom of Spain. Prior to 1516 Castile-Leon had been one Monarchy and Aragon had been a second Monarchy.
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Yes, and is represented as such at the United Nations.
No
The question as posed is nonsensical. Spain has never been a united nation-state. Most Spaniards outside of historic Castilla see themselves as Spanish nationals, but not ethnic Spaniards (i.e. they are Catalan Spaniards, Andalusian Spaniards, Basque Spaniards, Galician Spaniards, etc.). In order to have a nation-state, the state must represent a single dominant ethnicity and attempt to create laws and systems that mirror its culture. As Spain does not have this, it cannot be a nation-state. Spain existed as a formal monarchical union of Castilla-León, which was a strong federal monarchy, with Aragón which was a confederal monarchy, but was not anything more than the binding of two very distinct countries. For example, even though the union occurred in the late 1400s, the laws of different areas were not homogenized until the mid-1800s, for example. If the question is asking what allowed Castilla-León and Aragón to become one unified monarchy, it was simply the marriage of Ferdinand of Aragón to Isabel of Castilla.
A nation refers to a single ethnic community of people who share a common identity and usually a common origin, while a nation state may be multi-cultural and is defined as a group of people united in the political and legal structure of the State.
A nation is a single culture that is bound to a single belief system and government. For the most part they share the same ideas. A state is a tiny part of the nation that is also bonded together in a specific way.
The United State and russia
Arizona is roughly the same size as Spain.
Examples of nation-states include Japan, France, and Egypt, where a single nation shares a common culture, history, and language within defined borders. Examples of multinational states include the United States, Canada, and India, where multiple different nations coexist within a single state.
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