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A:The central authority of the Pope, as bishop of Rome, was not really established until after the Great Schism of 1054. When Constantine gave patronage to the Christian Church, there was no special role for the bishop of Rome. The Council of Nicaea created the role of Metropolitan, with the bishop of Rome as one, who was no more than equal to the others. Even when Emperor Theodosius made Christianity the official religion of empire in 380 CE, it was "as taught by the bishops of Rome and Alexandria."

Gradually, the Pope, based on the tradition of Peter as the first bishop of Rome, claimed priority over the other Patriarchs, but they only conceded him to be "first among equals." The Schism meant that the Pope would become the leader in the West, although important decisions were still under the authority of Councils of bishops. Gradually the Popes centralised more power to their position. Finally, the First Vatican Council defined the doctrine of papal infallibility in 1870, although Pope Pius had already invoked this claim in 1854. Vatican City, as an independent ecclesiastical state, was created in 1929.

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Q: When was the central authority of the Vatican established in the Catholic Church?
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