If you are using materials that are not your original work, or aren't in the public domain, for uses not exempted in the law, you need permission from the rightsholder.
You need permission from the copyright holder or an exemption in the law.
If your use is exempted in the law, you would not need permission.
Typically you would first need permission of the copyright holder.
If the patterns are under copyright then you need the permission of the copyright holder to sell them.
Yes, they are protected by copyright.
Yes, if it is covered by copyright.
If you wish to reuse a copyright-protected image, you need permission from the copyright holder or an exemption in the law.
Yes, you generally need permission to quote someone in your work to avoid potential copyright infringement.
If it is recognizable as a copyright or trademark-protected character, you would need permission from the owner.
Yes if you are not using the film for your own personal use you need permission from the band or it violates copyright laws
It depends on what you need. For general copyright information, contact the copyright office in your country. For permission to use specific works, contact the rightsholder or their administrator.
Depending on what you want to do, you might need permission from their publisher or label (or both) rather than the band itself.