If your use is exempted in the law, you would not need permission.
You have to get permission from the copyright owner.
That is a description of copyright infringement.
Absolutely; however the majority of uses require permission from the copyright holder.
Contact the business affairs or licensing department.
Most uses require permission from the copyright holder, which can be time-consuming and expensive.
If it is recognizable as a copyright or trademark-protected character, you would need permission from the owner.
A website can post copyrighted documents if the owner of the website is the copyright holder, or the rightsholder has given permission.
Not unless you make a recording of it and publish it without permission of the copyright owner, assuming the music is copyrighted.
Video piracy is the act of copying video images and sound that are protected by a copyright, without the permission or consent of the copyright owner.
No; such a derivative work would require permission from the copyright holder.
No. Public domain means that the material is available for use by anyone, without copyright restriction.
As a content creator, the best thing you can do is to register your copyright, and note on or in the material the copyright date and owner (for digital materials, it's very useful to include this in embedded metadata).As a content user, you need to be aware of what types of uses require permission, and how unlicensed uses effect the industry.