If these are all the wires you have then this would be a great assumption. It assumes also that everything before the fixture is wired correctly and with commonly used color schemes.
If both wires are black then the one with the writing is the neutral wire. If the two wires are black and white then the white one is the neutral.
If both wires are black, the one that connects to your white wire is the one that should have little writing on it. Black to the plain black wire, white to the wire with writing.
No, the neutral conductor will not be in that box. The white wire in the end of run will be the return "hot" leg back to the light fixture. When wired this white conductor should have had a black tape marker put on it to signify that it was not a neutral conductor. That same conductor should also have had a black marker placed on the end in the fixture's junction box.
In home wiring the white wire is neutral. Some light fixtures that are typically out of reach may not differentiate between hot (black) and neutral (white). In this case the black and white supply wires can arbitrarily connected to the two fixture black wires, one to each. The NEC requires that the neutral be connected to the screw shell of a 'typical' light socket regardless of height. This allows that while changing out a lamp (called a bulb), if you inadvertently come into contact with the screw shell, you are not in danger.
In most home wiring circuits, the black wire is used to power a light bulb. The other wire is white and is called the neutral conductor.
Yes. Connect Black to Black, White to White and bare ground wires together.
At that point, you should verify the home wiring; make certain that the black wire IS, in fact, the "hot" wire and that the white wire IS in fact the neutral. If the house is wired properly, connect the new fixture with "black to black and white to white." If you aren't certain that the house wiring was done properly, contact a local electrician to perform the work for you. Connecting a light fixture improperly can be dangerous to you and to anyone who subsequently changes a bulb or otherwise comes in contact with the fixture.
Yes
Just install the new fixture with black to black, white to white, and cap off the ground wire on the new fixture. It'll be fine.
As the power to the light fixture should be, and hopefully is off, it does not matter which you hook up first.
There should be two wires in the box, black and white and possibly a bare one depending on the age of the wiring in the house. The fixture has two screws on the base. One wire goes on each screw. If there are short wires on the fixture, black to black and white to white. If there is a bare ground wire in the house box, it attaches to the body of the fixture. If there is no ground screw on the fixture, do not worry about it.
If your house wiring is encased in armoured (metal) sheathing back to the panel, then you can secure the green ground to the ground screw in the box. Make sure the armoured cable connector is tight on the box. This should ground the light back to the panel. If you are on "knob & tube" I would suggest thinking about re-wiring the house.
Yes, as long as you don't increase the load in access of the circuit capacity. Just connect new wire in parallel - That is black to black, white to white and bare wire to bare wire. Make sure power is off before doing any wiring. Make sure connections are made properly and made inside the light fixture electric mounting box.
There should be a black & white wire coming from the light. Hook black to black and white to white. Then connect the ground wire to the light chassis. You need 12/2 with ground for the circuit. You do not need a light fixture box for these type lights.
You would have to provide more info to be certain what your problem is. Typically a black and white wire would connect to the two wires on the light fixture. The fixture should also be controlled by a switch that "breaks" the black (Hot Wire) to turn off the fixture. If you have a volt meter you can see if there is 120Volts between the black and white wires with switch on. If there is a single white wire going to fixture (Neutral), where is the "black wires tied" to. Maybe one of the black wires has broken off the fixture.
If both wires are black then the one with the writing is the neutral wire. If the two wires are black and white then the white one is the neutral.
Yes, that is the correct connection.