the two fatty acid tails of the phospholipids are nonpolar, whereas the head is polar
No, large polar molecules cannot pass through the plasma membrane.
The hydrophilic (polar) ends of phospholipids in the plasma membrane face the watery environment inside and outside the cell, as they interact with water molecules due to their charge. This arrangement allows the phospholipid bilayer to form a stable barrier that separates the internal and external environments of the cell, while still allowing for selective transport of molecules across the membrane.
phospholipids are the molecules that make up the plasma membrane and they are made of polar (hydrophilic) heads and 2 non-polar (hydrophobic) tails
Any molecule smaller than the holes in the membrane can pass through is the membrane is permeable. If the membrane is semi-permeable, then only molecules that the membrane selects can pass through. Electronegativity and existence of lipid layers are common selective traits for semi-permeable membranes.
phospholipids
"philic" ( likes water)
The cell (plasma) membrane is organised into a bilayer of phospholipids. This means that the hydrophilic (water-lover) polar heads of the phospholipids face out, and the hydrophobic (water-hating) non-polar tails face towards each other in the centre of the layer. Interspersed within the phospholipids of the membrane are proteins (such as protein channels), cholesterol and carbohydrates.
Small polar molecules can pass through the plasma membrane through a process called simple diffusion, where they move from an area of high concentration to low concentration without the need for energy or a transport protein.
Lipids, specifically phospholipids, are hydrophobic like the interior of the plasma membrane. The tails of phospholipids are non-polar and repel water, making them ideal for forming the hydrophobic interior of the membrane.
ions and polar molecules
Substances that can freely dissolve through the plasma membrane are generally small and nonpolar molecules, such as oxygen, carbon dioxide, and ethanol. These molecules are able to pass through the lipid bilayer of the plasma membrane without requiring a specific transport protein.
The inner environment of the plasma membrane is a non-polar environment - one that does not like the entry of water or molecules that like water. A non polar amino acid is one that does not like water. Therefore, a non-polar amino acid would feel comfortable being embedded in the plasma membrane