You can get a brief overview on bankruptcy at http://www.uscourts.gov/FederalCourts/Bankruptcy.aspx. There are many different options when filing. You can find the forms here http://www.uscourts.gov/FormsAndFees/Forms/BankruptcyForms.aspx.
In order to claim bankruptcy a court has to issue a bankruptcy order against you. The best place to find information about bankruptcy and the whole process of declaring bankruptcy is the official government website.
The place where you find information about files kept relating to a bankruptcy claim in the USA on the Justice website. This website has all that information available.
One can find information about bankruptcy filings on government websites. It depends on where your country is and all the instructions of how to file bankruptcy will be listed in steps for you.
Not as a rule. If the claim was something that arose after the filing, it will depend on the nature of the claim. If the claim arose prior to filing, you must have disclosed the claim in the bankruptcy documents and the trustee may take over the claim. Consult a lawyer knowledgeable in bankruptcy.
A judge or court may sometimes expunge a claim in bankruptcy court. This means that the claim is erased, as if it never happened.
It's very difficult to file without a lawyer, but it can be done. The US government themselves lay out the process at http://www.uscourts.gov/FederalCourts/Bankruptcy/BankruptcyResources/FilingBankruptcyWithoutAttorney.aspx
Sure
Yes.
She can, and yes it will
No, a creditor is required to file a claim if seeking payment, otherwise that claim is considered waived. So in this case. if there was no claim, then it was waived and the debt discharged. But even if it was filed, it would have been discharged in the business BK.
Your claim is most likely covered by a WC insurance, either a prvate policy the employer had or one with the State. As such, your claim should be unaffected by the Bankruptcy.
If it is not a secured debt it will be included in the bankruptcy discharge.