You can buy them at Buffalo Arms.
The .44 S&W Special is a cartridge currently loaded with smokeless powder, as opposed to earlier cartridges such as the .44 Colt or .44 Russian. Those cartridges, generally considered obsolete, were loaded with black powder. Smokeless powder should not be used in firearms built for black powder- the pressures are too high to do so safely. You may also find .44 caliber BULLETS (not cartridges) intended for use in a black powder revolver. These are typically made of a very soft type of lead, different from the harder lead alloys (lead-tin-antimony) used in modern firearms.
No. Mosern .22 shorts are loaded with smokeless powder. .22 short black powder is loaded with just that - black powder. Smokeless powder develops higher pressures than black powder and should not be blindly used without some confirmation that the gun will handle the pressures. Consult a local gunsmith.
Forever
None of the above. A black powder gun uses a lead ball or conical bullet that is packed into the breech on top of the powder with a small piece of cloth wadding. These bullets are solid, and have no built-in primer like modern firearms. In a black powder firearm, the powder is in a small bowl on the top of the firearm. The spark from the spring-loaded flintlock strikes the frizzen, dropping a shower of sparks onto the gun powder.
By all means, yes they can. If you are referring to modern bullets or self contained cartridges the answer is no. Black powder guns fall into two major categories, muzzle loading and black powder cartridge, With muzzle loaders the powder is poured in the barrel topped with a patched lead ball or bullet, and ignited by an external cap or flint and steel. BP cartridges are much like modern bullets with the exception of the powder. Black powder burns at a slower rate thus the pressure within the case is less.. Modern "smokeless powder" burns rapidly when contained within the shell casing and produces higher pressures and bullet velocities.
I don't think they even make them anymore. Sorry.
Guns back then were actually larger caliber than the ones we have today-.50 caliber back then was small. Their guns were loaded from the muzzle until the mid 1800's. They were also longer and definitely none were full auto. They took a long time to load, about 3 rounds per minute. Today the M16 fires at 900 rounds per minute. they also used black powder and their bullets and powder were loaded separately and forced down with a ramrod. Today our bullets and powder come together with a shell casing.
There are generally 2 types of BP firearm, 1 muzzleloaders, loaded with powder cloth patch and lead ball or mini ball (also powder and a sabot and bullet in the more modern guns. 2 Black powder cartridge guns, that fire a more conventional looking self contained cartridge loaded with black powder and a bullet. such as the 45-70 or the 30-30 ( first number is the caliber second number is the grains of black powder in the cartridge. 45 caliber with 70 grains of powder) I am greatly generalizing
You need a lawyer.
The first type of gunpowder was black powder which created smoke. Some firearms and other non-firearm related items use black powder for other uses (historical recreation). Most firearms nowadays that have cartridged bullets use a smokeless powder.
In the technical sense no it is not loaded via the muzzle of the gun, black powder revolver is accurate as terms go, but they do fall under the blanket of "muzzle loader" in general terms.
Black powder, or a BP substitute such as Pyrodex. NEVER use smokeless powder. For bullets, either a lead bullet made for muzzleloaders, or a muzzleloading sabot and matching bullet. You need to read the owner's manual. If you do not have one, contact CVA thru their website.