Apart from water and air, stone is the most common block, below the topmost dirt layer. Just dig, you'll hit some.
Mostly in dungeons and mined after you break stone!
Mostly, they can be found next to lava.
When you mine regular 'smooth' stone, you get cobblestone. This can be converted back to smooth stone by smelting it in a furnace.
Dig down a bit and you'll find stone, which is a grey block. Use a pickaxe to mine it or you will not get it. It will drop cobblestone.
You can find coal veins almost anywhere. Look at the side of stone cliff faces.
First, find a red stone block. To obtain it, use a stone to diamond pickaxe on it. Collect your dust.
You can find it in NPC villages or underground dungeons. But the easiest way to get it is to mind regular smooth stone, because that produces a block of cobblestone.
If you mean iron then I know what you are talking about. But you find it the same way you would in PC minecraft. Just make a stone pickaxe and try to find iron. You can find it almost at any depth. But you can find it from about -10 blocks to bedrock.
Redstone develops within the vicinity of underground lava.
You can not find cobblestone in Minecraft unless you find npc villages made of houses that contain cobblestone, or water turns lava into cobblestone.You can, however, obtain cobblestone by mining stone or already created cobblestone with a pickaxe.
It works like a crafting table, but only for stone and stone related items.
There is no pavement block on minecraft just blocks like stone, Cobblestone and Stone bricks often get used for pavements.