It depends on the discipline, and the proposed use. For the most part, you can initially approach the rightsholder as a simple request: "We request permission to use [property] for [use]." and a sentence or two about yourself. If they have a specific form they wish you to use, or they require additional information, they'll let you know.
It is almost a universal fact that all video games are protected by copyright, To avoid any inlawful infringement (for which you could be sued) it would be best to contact the publisher/producer of the game and request permission.
A business can infringe copyright by using protected materials for which they have neither an exemption in the law nor permission from the rightsholder. For example, if you set up a website for your landscaping service, and use photos on it that you've just found online without getting permission, your business is liable for fees up to $30,000 per photo.
Only if you have their express written permission to do so. Otherwise you could be violating copyright laws.
Infringement can carry exorbitant fees; copyright is an instance where getting permission is much cheaper and easier than getting forgiveness.
You may only copy, alter, distribute, or perform/display works that are entirely your own original work, which are in the public domain, or for which you have an exemption in the law or permission from the copyright holder.
You cannot copyright an idea, only the expression of it. Printed instructions, for example, could be protected.
If you used copyright images anywhere (including a website) without the owner's permission (for which he might want a fee to be paid) the owner could use the law to make you pay.
It depends upon whether you have permission, or need permission for your use. Some limited uses are perfectly legal, but you have the burden of proving that your use qualifies for the statutory exemption (e.g., singing it for free in public). If you used a song without permission from the rightsholders, you would be guilty of copyright infringement. Statutory fines in the US range from $750 to $30,000. If the copyright was registered in the US Copyright Office prior to the infringement, the statutory damages could run as high as $150,000 for each song. It is also a federal crime to use a willful copyright infringement for commercial advantage or private financial gain.
Yes you could. Ask the copyright owners for permission and explain what you want to use it for.
Copying other businesses' Web information for commercial use is also in violation of copyright law.
Contact the author or publicist request permission for "reasonable use" of some of their text. Also if its an online publication request permission to sign post the complete text. This will be found as favourable as you increase their traffic
Always better to ask for permission to whoever holds that copyright. Because book titles are too short to qualify for copyright protection, it would not be infringing. Bear in mind that certain high-value book titles have been registered as trademarks, which could cause some trouble.