In Yeshivas (for men), in Jewish seminaries (for women), in Jewish day-schools, and in classes in synagogues and other venues.
Judaism is taught by teachers, scholars, rabbis, and cantors.
they taught in parables
Believing in one God.
Judaism has tens of thousands of books. The most important are the Tanakh (Hebrew Bible) and the Talmud (the Oral Law).
I presume you mean "polytheism". Judaism is a usually taken to be a monotheistic religion - a single god religion.
No, Christianity was not born out of Judaism. In reality, Christianity is based on the rejection of Judaism. Additionally, Judaism is not something to be fulfilled, it is a way of life given to us Jews as to how we can live righteously. That being said, most Christian denominations have historically taught that Christianity replaces Judaism.
He taught the people of Ur, and later the Canaanites, and his own family, to worship the One God.
As far as I know, The true early christians never taught Reincarnation. As you probably well know, Christianity came from Judaism. Judaism never taught reincarnation. Reincarnation is primaraly a Pagan, that is either a religion that is not an abrahamic religion (Judaism, Christianity, Islam) or a religion that worships many gods, concept. Misguided early christians, may have incorporated reincarnation into their aldulturated form of Christianity. However, they were clearly not influential enough to influence mainstream Christianity. either that, or they saw the truth, in my opinion.
As taught and properly practiced, Judaism has no idols. The Torah forbids idolatry (Exodus ch.20, Deuteronomy ch.13).
No, there were many major religions before it that taught monotheism. Judaism is an obvious example.
My favorite grandmother was raised that way, and she thought going outside your religious boundaries could be a threat to Judaism.
Abraham, 3700 years ago. He taught that there is one God. His teachings were later incorporated into the Torah when it was given by God.