Damascus was the capital of the Uymmad Caliphate, the caliphate before the Abbasid one. The first capital of the Abbasid Caliphate was Kufa, then Baghdad, then Samarra, and then Baghdad once more (all four cities located in Iraq).
Abbasid Caliphate.
Rashidun Caliphate was created in 632.
Abbasid caliphate -- Baghdad Ummayyad Caliphate- Cordoba
Sharifian Caliphate was created in 1924.
Sokoto Caliphate ended in 1903.
Caliphate of Córdoba ended in 1031.
Abbasid Caliphate was created in 750.
Caliphate of Córdoba was created in 756.
The Almohad Caliphate lasted from 1121 to 1269.
The Rashidun Caliphate under Omar.
The Caliphate of Cairo