There are distant galaxies all around us - in all directions, and at varying distances.
They are red shifted.
The Andromedia.
Astronomers have detected a quasar in a distant galaxy.
Yes. What is it you want to measure about a galaxy?
Yes, it's the most distant dwarf galaxy 13.2 billion light-years from Earth (i.e. PCB2012 3020 in the MACS J1149+2223 galaxy cluster).
The light from distant galaxies is redshifted. The only reasonable explanation for that is that the galaxies are moving away from us.
Yes, it's the most distant dwarf galaxy 13.3 billion light-years from Earth (i.e. CZC2013 MACS0647-JD1 in the MACS J0647+7015 galaxy cluster).
Yes, it's the most distant spiral galaxy 10.7 billion light-years from Earth (i.e. BX442 in the Pegasus constellation).
Bright, distant, powerful, energetic, at the center of the galaxy.
If you look at a distant galaxy, the light from the galaxy has travelled for perhaps a hundred million years, a billion years, or up to an age close to the age of the Universe (13 billion years or so), depending on the galaxy's distance. Thus, the light you see shows you how the Universe was billions of years ago.
Yes. Lensing magnifies the image of galaxies behind distant galaxy clusters but also greatly distorts the image.
Yes, it's the most distant irregular galaxy 13.4 billion light-years from Earth (i.e. GN-z11 in the Ursa Major constellation).