The Christian church, science. All over the English language. Here are some root words that together, or added to other words form new words!
It would still just be Ben, there is no translation.
The Romans spoke Latin There are so many word in English which originate from Latin that the list would be pages and pages long. Latin words entered the English language in two ways: When Latin was the language the church and a language spoken by the educated elites many Latin words became part of English. With the Normans, who invaded England from France, French became the language of the court and many french words, which have a Latin origin, entered the English language. If you consult a dictionary you will find the origin of words, including the ones from Latin and the ones from French which have a Latin origin. Many technical words in medicine, science, law and theology are Latin.
The closest word in Latin would be compareo, to be in existence.
The Latin roots "audi" meaning hear, and "aud" meaning sound would help determine that an unfamiliar word is related to being able to hear something. Words such as "auditory" or "audio" would be examples of words derived from these roots and relate to the sense of hearing.
The phrase tiny body would translate to the words parvulum corpus in Latin. Depending on the use of the words in a sentence, the endings would change.
Bovine.
As "Jess" is not a word in latin, the latin alphabet lacking the letter "J" and having different pronunciation, the name "Jess" would still be "Jess" in latin
He understands all languages but he would most likely understand Latin languagehebrew and latin american
The latin translation for sun would be sol and the translation for moon would be luna. Sun and moon translated to latin would be Sol et luna. Sol and luna are the root words for words like solar and lunar.
Approximately 60% of our words are derived from Latin (mainly through Old French), so an enumeration would be too tedious.
If you mean a language that is "dead" in that it is no longer spoken as a native tongue (but still studied), then yes; we can still borrow words from it. Latin was spoken during the Roman Empire but used for communication across Europe for years after; and speakers of English and other modern languages continued to adopt Latin words. "Dead language" can also mean one that nobody knows at all any more, so obviously we would not know any words to borrow.
Generally speaking, all Latin words retain their originality. I am sure the English word for your fish is still "Rosada".