Sparta, until displaced by Thebes.
The commanders appointed by the Persian kings and by the Greek city-states.
The Persian Empire versus coalitions of Greek city-states led first by Sparta, then by Athens.
It led the anti-Persian alliance of Greek city-states.
The Persian Empire and an alliance of Greek city-states led first by Sparta and then Athens.
The Persian Empire versus a coalition of Greek city-states, at first led by Sparta, then by Athens.
There was no Greek war Salamis. There was a sea battle in which the fleet of the southern Greek cities defeated a Persian-led fleet of warships supplied by its subject territories - Phoenicias, Asian-Greek and Egyptian.
The combined armies of about 20 Greek city-states led by Sparta.The combined armies of the southern Greek city-states, led by Sparta.
A league of a couple of dozen Greek city-states led by Sparta against the Persian Empire.
The Persian Empire versus a coalition of Greek city-states led first by Sparta, then Athens.
A coaalition of southern greek city-states led by Sparta.
The Persian Empire tried to impose rule on the Greek city-states to stop their wars between each other spilling over into the Persian Empire. After trying to impose peace on the Greeks for 50 years, they gave up and left the Greek city-states to go on fighting each other. Democracy had nothing to do with it - some cities were democracies, led by Athens, which also led much of the inter-Greek fighting, which continued for another century until Macedonia imposed peace on them. Where in this is civilisation and democracy?
Persian War: The Greek cities of Asia Minor provided a third of the Persian navy for the 480 invasion of southern Greece. The Greek city states of central Greece provided a substantial part of the Persian army which fought the southern Greek armies. Peloponnesian War: Athens and the cities in its empire fought the mainly Peloponnesian cities led by Sparta.