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When the malaria parasite is transferred to the blood from a mosquito bite what organ does the parasite first infect?
A female Anopheles mosquito carrying the malaria-causing parasites bites a human and injects the parasites in the form of sporozoites into the bloodstream. The sporozoites travel to the liver and then invade the liver cells. These mature into schizonts, which rupture and release merozoites. This form of the malaria parasite invades red blood cells.
How does mosquito spread malaria?
Malaria is actually caused by tiny parasites that live inside the mosquitoes, not by the mosquitoes themselves. Plasmodium falciparum, Plasmodium vivax, and Plasmodium ovale are the 3 most common causes of malaria. (All three are commonly called "malarial parasites"--they are closely related species.)When a mosquito first bites a human, it injects some anticoagulants to keep the blood from clotting. If the mosquito happens to be infected with a malarial parasite, the parasite will be injected with the anticoagulants and will then infect the human red blood cells.
What two places in the human body must the malaria parasite go in oder to reproduce?
First is liver and second is red blood cells. It will be interesting to know that the parasite frequently changes the liver cells, before settling in finally.
Why plasmodium first attack on liver cells?
Plasmodium, the parasite responsible for malaria, first attacks liver cells because this is the stage of its lifecycle where it undergoes asexual reproduction. After being transmitted to humans through mosquito bites, the parasite travels to the liver, where it can multiply rapidly and form thousands of merozoites. This initial infection in the liver allows the parasite to evade the host's immune response, as liver cells provide a sheltered environment for replication before releasing the merozoites into the bloodstream, leading to the symptoms of malaria.
Why a person having malarial parasite does not shows symptoms of disease?
Some peoples (ie tribes/families) who have lived in malaria infested regions have developed a natural partial immunity to the parasite (by a process of natural selection and evolution) such people may be infected by the parasite but do not develop full blown malaria because their immune system keeps the parasite in check.Note, the danger in this is that such people act as the source of malaria affecting others. The mosquito has to bite someone with malaria FIRST then go on to bite a SECOND person. This gives malaria to the SECOND person. Obviously people carrying the malaria parasite but not ill do not go and get treated for malaria (have the parasite in their bodies killed). They therefore act as a hidden reservoir for infection.
What did the first viruses do?
Infect cells.
How the parasites of malaria avoid the host's defenses?
Malaria is a difficult infection for the human body to identify and deal with The parasite has two distinct phases - in the first, it reproduces inside the liver (it gets here within minutes after a mosquito bites you - and can stay here for 8-30 days, depending on the strain) Once they burst out of the liver cells, they go into the blood, and infect the red blood cells (second phase, here they again replicate and infect more cells) It is hard for the body to recognise in the liver, because the body does not really look 'inside' the liver cells as much. Within the red blood cells, again, it is hidden from a lot of the immune system, and needs to be destroyed in your spleen. (Althought the parasite tries to avoid this by causing your blood to clot, and avoid going to the spleen). It's important if you have symptoms of fever, and you've stayed in an area with malaria recently, to get checked - it's easily diagnosable! Also, prevention if you're thinking of travelling is cheap and effective.
How malaria first started?
-Unknown- Malaria has been infecting humans for at least 50,000 years, and may have existed as a pathogen in other species for even longer. For this reason it is impossible to know where the first cases of malaria appeared. While the earliest references to a malaria-like illness come from China, that is by no means an indication that malaria originated in Asia.
Which part of the body does the malaria effect and how?
Malaria affects the liver and the red blood cells mainly.The parasite replicates in the liver cells and in the red cells, when enough new parasites have developed the cells burst.Malaria can also affect the kidneys and brain by blocking the blood supply to these organs, when the cells of the liver and red blood cells burst.
Who proposed the name malaria?
1740 - H. Walpole first used "mal'aria" (Italian: bad air) to describe the disease 20th century - shortened to "malaria" 1880 - C. Laveran first identified the parasite in human blood 1889 - R. Ross discovered that mosquitoes transmitted malaria
Does malaria come out of your body after it's in your body?
the parasite stays inside the body but can give you no problems for 20 or 30 yrs and then just hit you like when you first had it
What is the life cycle of plasmodium?
Schema of the Life Cycle of Malaria= = The malaria parasite life cycle involves two hosts. During a blood meal, a malaria-infected female Anopheles mosquito inoculates sporozoites into the human host . Sporozoites infect liver cells and mature into schizonts , which rupture and release merozoites . (Of note, in P. vivax and P. ovale a dormant stage [hypnozoites] can persist in the liver and cause relapses by invading the bloodstream weeks, or even years later.) After this initial replication in the liver (exo-erythrocytic schizogony ), the parasites undergo laughl multiplication in the erythrocytes (erythrocytic schizogony ). Merozoites infect red blood cells . The ring stage trophozoites mature into schizonts, which rupture releasing merozoites . Some parasites differentiate into sexual erythrocytic stages (gametocytes) . Blood stage parasites are responsible for the clinical manifestations of the disease. The gametocytes, male (microgametocytes) and female (macrogametocytes), are ingested by an Anopheles mosquito during a blood meal . The parasites' multiplication in the mosquito is known as the sporogonic cycle . While in the mosquito's stomach, the microgametes penetrate the macrogametes generating zygotes . The zygotes in turn become motile and elongated (ookinetes) which invade the midgut wall of the mosquito where they develop into oocysts . The oocysts grow, rupture, and release sporozoites , which make their way to the mosquito's salivary glands. Inoculation of the sporozoites into a new human host perpetuates the malaria life cycle. ANSWERED BY: GENERAL PROFESSOR ARIEL N. MAGNO MALARIA: A SERIOUS DISEASE by: GENERAL PROFFESOR ARIEL MAGNO of CEBU,PHILIPPINES. In nature, malaria parasites spread by infecting successively two types of hosts: humans and female Anophelesmosquitoes. In humans, the parasites grow and multiply first in the liver cells and then in the red cells of the blood. In the blood, successive broods of parasites grow inside the red cells and destroy them, releasing daughter parasites ("merozoites") that continue the cycle by invading other red cells. The blood stage parasites are those that cause the symptoms of malaria. When certain forms of blood stage parasites ("gametocytes") are picked up by a female Anopheles mosquito during a blood meal, they start another, different cycle of growth and multiplication in the mosquito. After 10-18 days, the parasites are found (as "sporozoites") in the mosquito's salivary glands. When the Anopheles mosquito takes a blood meal on another human, the sporozoites are injected with the mosquito's saliva and start another human infection when they parasitize the liver cells. Thus the mosquito carries the disease from one human to another (acting as a "vector"). Differently from the human host, the mosquito vector does not suffer from the presence of the parasites. View Schema of the life cycle of malaria = Human Hosts = Humans infected with malaria parasites can develop a wide range of symptoms. These vary from asymptomatic infections (no apparent illness), to the classic symptoms of malaria (fever, chills, sweating, headaches, muscle pains), to severe complications (cerebral malaria, anemia, kidney failure) that can result in death. The severity of the symptoms depends on several factors, such as the species (type) of infecting parasite and the human's acquired immunity and genetic background. more: Human Hosts = Malaria Parasites = Four species of malaria parasites can infect humans under natural conditions: Plasmodium falciparum, P. vivax, P. ovale and P. malariae. The first two species cause the most infections worldwide. Plasmodium falciparum is the agent of severe, potentially fatal malaria, causing an estimated 700,000 - 2.7 million deaths annually, most of them in young children in Africa. Plasmodium vivax and P. ovale have dormant liver stage parasites ("hypnozoites") which can reactivate ("relapse") and cause malaria several months or years after the infecting mosquito bite. Plasmodium malariae produces long-lasting infections and if left untreated can persist asymptomatically in the human host for years, even a lifetime. More: Malaria Parasites = Anopheles Mosquitoes = Malaria is transmitted among humans by female mosquitoes of the genus Anopheles. Female mosquitoes take blood meals to carry out egg production, and such blood meals are the link between the human and the mosquito hosts in the parasite life cycle. Of the approximately 430 known species of Anopheles, only 30-50 transmit malaria in nature. The successful development of the malaria parasite in the mosquito (from the "gametocyte" stage to the "sporozoite" stage) depends on several factors. The most important is ambient temperature and humidity (higher temperatures accelerate the parasite growth in the mosquito) and whether the Anopheles survives long enough to allow the parasite to complete its cycle in the mosquito host ("sporogonic" or "extrinsic" cycle, duration 10 to 18 days). Differently from the human host, the mosquito host does not suffer noticeably from the presence of the parasites. by:ariel n. magno pisti MALARIA: A SERIOUS DISEASE by: GENERAL PROFFESOR ARIEL MAGNO of CEBU,PHILIPPINES.In nature, malaria parasites spread by infecting successively two types of hosts: humans and female Anopheles mosquitoes. In humans, the parasites grow and multiply first in the liver cells and then in the red cells of the blood. In the blood, successive broods of parasites grow inside the red cells and destroy them, releasing daughter parasites ("merozoites") that continue the cycle by invading other red cells. The blood stage parasites are those that cause the symptoms of malaria. When certain forms of blood stage parasites ("gametocytes") are picked up by a female Anopheles mosquito during a blood meal, they start another, different cycle of growth and multiplication in the mosquito. After 10-18 days, the parasites are found (as "sporozoites") in the mosquito's salivary glands. When the Anopheles mosquito takes a blood meal on another human, the sporozoites are injected with the mosquito's saliva and start another human infection when they parasitize the liver cells. Thus the mosquito carries the disease from one human to another (acting as a "vector"). Differently from the human host, the mosquito vector does not suffer from the presence of the parasites. View Schema of the life cycle of malaria = Human Hosts = Humans infected with malaria parasites can develop a wide range of symptoms. These vary from asymptomatic infections (no apparent illness), to the classic symptoms of malaria (fever, chills, sweating, headaches, muscle pains), to severe complications (cerebral malaria, anemia, kidney failure) that can result in death. The severity of the symptoms depends on several factors, such as the species (type) of infecting parasite and the human's acquired immunity and genetic background. more: Human Hosts = Malaria Parasites = Four species of malaria parasites can infect humans under natural conditions: Plasmodium falciparum, P. vivax, P. ovale and P. malariae. The first two species cause the most infections worldwide. Plasmodium falciparum is the agent of severe, potentially fatal malaria, causing an estimated 700,000 - 2.7 million deaths annually, most of them in young children in Africa. Plasmodium vivax and P. ovale have dormant liver stage parasites ("hypnozoites") which can reactivate ("relapse") and cause malaria several months or years after the infecting mosquito bite. Plasmodium malariae produces long-lasting infections and if left untreated can persist asymptomatically in the human host for years, even a lifetime. More: Malaria Parasites = Anopheles Mosquitoes = Malaria is transmitted among humans by female mosquitoes of the genus Anopheles. Female mosquitoes take blood meals to carry out egg production, and such blood meals are the link between the human and the mosquito hosts in the parasite life cycle. Of the approximately 430 known species of Anopheles, only 30-50 transmit malaria in nature. The successful development of the malaria parasite in the mosquito (from the "gametocyte" stage to the "sporozoite" stage) depends on several factors. The most important is ambient temperature and humidity (higher temperatures accelerate the parasite growth in the mosquito) and whether the Anopheles survives long enough to allow the parasite to complete its cycle in the mosquito host ("sporogonic" or "extrinsic" cycle, duration 10 to 18 days). Differently from the human host, the mosquito host does not suffer noticeably from the presence of the parasites.Stage 1: After getting injected into the human bloodstream following a bite from Anopheles mosquito, the parasites in the form of sporozoites invade the liver. They stay in the liver cells after destroying them.Stage2: Over a period of 5 to 16 days, depending on the species of the malaria parasite, sporozoites multiply rapidly to create thousands of red blood cell invading parasites called merzoites. Each of the sporozoit infected liver cell creates thousands of merzoites. Some species of the malaria parasite remain dormant for long periods before causing relapses weeks or months later.Stage 3: The merzoites now leave the liver cells and invade the red blood cells after entering the bloodstream. In the next 1 to 3 days, asexual replications of merzoites take place leading to the sickness and complications of malaria. These symptoms can last for months if not treated. In the following stages of lifecycle of malaria parasite, it is explained how malaria spreads to other persons.Stage 4: A few of the red blood cells infected with merzoites stop replicating asexually and instead become male or female gametocyte (formations that develop into male or female parasite). These gametocytes start circulating in the bloodstream.Stage 5: When a mosquito bites an infected person with gametocytes circulating in his blood, it ingests them. They go on to develop into mature sex cells called gamete. Male and female gametes combine to form what is called an oocyst.Stage 6: In the last stage of the malaria parasite lifecycle, each of these oocysts forms several sporozoites in the body of the mosquito and reach its salivary glands. These sporozoites are again injected into the human blood when the mosquito bites and re-starts the whole cycle.
