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Jurisdiction.
All federal courts hear cases on appeal or original jurisdiction cases.
Probate courts have jurisdiction over a wide variety of matters. You can see a list at the link provided below.
No.
They don't. Appeals courts ONLY hear cases appealed to them from lower/inferior courts.
Yes, they are state courts rather than federal courts. However, municipal courts have limited and special jurisdiction. Municipal courts have jurisdiction to handle only those matters that arise within the territorial boundaries of their particular municipalities. In addition, a municipal court's subject matter jurisdiction is limited to only certain matters as defined by the state government whereas state courts have subject matter jurisdiction over matters arising under all of the laws of the state.
The difference has to do with subject matter jurisdiction. A court with general jurisdiction can try cases of any sort, whereas one with limited jurisdiction can only try cases pertaining to particular subject matters.
They are in different places on the hierarchy of jurisdiction. Appellate jurisdiction is higher. Courts with appellate jurisdiction can hear appeals, whereas courts with original jurisdiction can hear cases for the first time.
The state Circuit Courts are the courts of original jurisdiction for the trying of all matters pertaining to the enforcement or violation of that state's laws.
Two. The United States Courts of Appeal, and the United States District Courts. Military courts are federal courts of specific subject-matter and personal jurisdiction.
US courts of appeal
Federal District Courts have jurisdiction over all federal cases occurring/originating within their circuit. US Courts of Appeal have jurisdiction over all cases referred to them from the District Courts within their circuit.