dispersion forces
Dipole-dipole forces are common to all polar molecules but not nonpolar molecules. These forces result from the attraction between the positive and negative ends of polar molecules. Hydrogen bonding, a type of dipole-dipole force, is unique to molecules containing hydrogen bonded to highly electronegative atoms like oxygen, nitrogen, or fluorine.
London dispersion forces between water molecules are weaker than the London dispersion forces between molecules of hydrogen sulfide. This is because water molecules are more polar than hydrogen sulfide molecules due to the presence of hydrogen bonding in water, which leads to stronger intermolecular interactions.
Intermolecular forces include London dispersion forces, dipole-dipole interactions, and hydrogen bonding. London dispersion forces are the weakest and occur between all molecules. Dipole-dipole interactions exist between polar molecules like HCl. Hydrogen bonding is the strongest intermolecular force and occurs between molecules with hydrogen directly bonded to highly electronegative atoms like in H2O.
The intermolecular forces of attraction present between HCl molecules are primarily dipole-dipole forces due to the difference in electronegativity between hydrogen and chlorine atoms. Additionally, there may be some weak London dispersion forces present between the molecules.
C6H14 - dispersion forces H2O - hydrogen bonding, dipole, dispersion HCHO - dipole, dispersion C6H5OH - hydrogen bonding, dipole, dispersion
Hydrogen bonding and London Dispersion forces (the latter of which are in all molecules).
In ammonium chloride, the main intermolecular forces present are ionic bonds between the positively charged ammonium ions and the negatively charged chloride ions. Additionally, there are weaker hydrogen bonds between the ammonium ions and chloride ions.
Dipole forces and London forces are present between these molecules.
Hydrogen sulfide (HSSH) exhibits London dispersion forces due to temporary dipoles formed by the movement of electrons. It also experiences dipole-dipole interactions because of the difference in electronegativity between sulfur and hydrogen. Additionally, HSSH can engage in hydrogen bonding between the hydrogen atom of one molecule and the sulfur atom of another molecule.
C6H14 - dispersion forces H2O - hydrogen bonding, dipole, dispersion HCHO - dipole, dispersion C6H5OH - hydrogen bonding, dipole, dispersion
NH3 exhibits hydrogen bonding in addition to dispersion forces. This significantly increases the intermolecular force, and raises the boiling point. PH3 does not exhibit hydrogen bonding and the dominant intermolecular force holding these molecules together is dispersion forces. (Dispersion forces also known as Van Der Waal Force)
Hydrogen bonding and London Dispersion forces (the latter of which are in all molecules).
The main intermolecular force holding water molecules together in hydrogen bonding. Also, there are diplole-dipole interactions and London dispersion forces. But hydrogen bonds are the major force keeping water in the liquid state.
The intermolecular forces in H2O are primarily hydrogen bonding. This occurs because of the significant electronegativity difference between oxygen and hydrogen atoms, leading to a partial positive charge on hydrogen and partial negative charge on oxygen. These partial charges create attractive forces between neighboring H2O molecules.
In NH3 (ammonia), the intermolecular forces present are hydrogen bonding, which occurs between the hydrogen atom on one NH3 molecule and the lone pair of electrons on the nitrogen atom of another NH3 molecule. This is a type of dipole-dipole attraction.
The hydrogen bonding present between the two molecules is known as intermolecular hydrogen bonding, the molecules may be similar or may be dissimilar. The molecules having intermolecular hydrogen bonding have high melting and boiling points and low volatility. They are more soluble in water as compared to the molecules having intramolecular hydrogen bonding.
Ethane is a non-polar hydrocarbon, therefore its molecules will only experience London dispersion forces between them, which are the weakest of all the intermolecular attractions. This explains ethane's low boiling point.
The intermolecular forces of attraction present between HCl molecules are primarily dipole-dipole forces due to the difference in electronegativity between hydrogen and chlorine atoms. Additionally, there may be some weak London dispersion forces present between the molecules.