Carbonium ions can be formed during petroleum cracking.
The reaction mechanism for the addition of chlorine to cyclohexene in the presence of Cl2 involves the formation of a cyclic halonium ion intermediate, followed by nucleophilic attack by chloride ion to form a dihalogenated product.
The reaction mechanism for the addition of HBr to 1,3-pentadiene involves the formation of a carbocation intermediate followed by the attack of the bromide ion to form the final product.
The reaction mechanism for the addition of HBr to 2,4-hexadiene involves the formation of a carbocation intermediate followed by the attack of the bromide ion to form the final product.
A compound's reactivity in an SN2 reaction is mainly determined by steric hindrance and electronic effects. Compounds with less steric hindrance and good leaving groups tend to react faster in SN2 reactions. Additionally, an increase in nucleophilicity of the attacking nucleophile can also impact the reactivity of the compound in an SN2 reaction.
Carbonium ion process
Carbonium ion process
When iodine reacts with propene, an electrophilic addition reaction occurs. In this reaction, iodine adds across the double bond of propene, resulting in the formation of 1,2-diiodopropane. This process involves the formation of a cyclic iodonium ion intermediate, which is subsequently attacked by an iodide ion. Overall, this reaction illustrates the addition of halogens to alkenes.
The reaction between bromine (Br2) and cyclohexene involves an electrophilic addition mechanism. When Br2 is added to cyclohexene, the double bond of cyclohexene acts as a nucleophile and attacks one of the bromine atoms, leading to the formation of a cyclic bromonium ion intermediate. This intermediate is then attacked by a bromide ion, resulting in the formation of 1,2-dibromocyclohexane as the final product. This reaction is characterized by the addition of bromine across the double bond, leading to a saturated compound.
Cu ion being a Lewis acid stabilized the intermediate formed while Na ion can not.
It is an oxidation reaction.
In the bromination of 3-methylcyclopentene, a reaction called electrophilic addition takes place. This involves the addition of a bromine molecule (Br2) to the double bond in 3-methylcyclopentene, resulting in the formation of a bromonium ion intermediate. This intermediate is then attacked by a bromide ion, leading to the final product where a bromine atom is added to the carbon-carbon double bond.
The reaction mechanism of carbonyl compounds with LiAlH4 involves the reduction of the carbonyl group to form an alcohol. LiAlH4 acts as the reducing agent in this reaction by donating a hydride ion to the carbonyl carbon, leading to the formation of an alkoxide intermediate which then undergoes protonation to yield the alcohol product.