It is called a block (or sector). The size of the block varies depending upon the size of the disk, advanced preferences (the size of files normally being used on that disk), and the filesystem being used. They normally run from 512Bytes to 64KiB. As disk capacity continues to grow, look for even larger block sizes to come :-)
Short answer: The byte.
Long answer: This can differ from one computer to another, but on most computers today, the smallest addressable unit of memory is a byte, or a group of eight bits. There are special purpose computers where the smallest addressable piece of memory might be 16 bits. Other times, there are restrictions on the computer such that it can only fetch one bit at a time from memory. These cases are rare, though.
On modern computer architectures, the smallest addressable unit of primary storage is an 8-bit byte.
The smallest addressable portion of a disk is called a cluster.
The smallest unit of hard disk storage space is the byte. Think of it as the space in an egg carton.
cluster
The smallest addressable unit of storage on a disk is called a sector.
program
It all depends on how your disk is formatted.
The smallest storage access unit on an IDE hard drive is a sector.
A cluster is the smallest unit of disk space that can be allocated to a file
Sector
The smallest unit of measurement used to describe the storage capacity of a computer is a "bit".
One bit.
Hard Drive Disk (HDD)
Hard Drive Disk (HDD)
Hard Drive Disk (HDD)
Sector is the smallest unit on Hard disk identified & addressed by File System.