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Artificial selection.
Dual purpose means that the breed or type of cattle can be used for milking or raising beef cattle.
Dual purpose means that the breed or type of cattle can be used for milking or raising beef cattle.
No. Gerts are a beef breed, not a dairy breed.
Any and all breeds of cattle are used as show animals, steer or not.
Selective breeding is the most common method used to improve cattle breeds. It is a method where a producer keeps track of those cows that are doing well according to what he/she expects from them, and notes those cows that are not doing well so they can be sorted from the herd and sold as cull cows. This same producer selects bulls that improve the breed according to what the goal the producer has for his/her cow herd and use them on his/her cows to produce calves with the desirable characteristics needed to improve that breed. Calves that are inferior or average are sold as feeders. As to why it is commonly used, it's because it's the easiest method to enhance a breed and expand or improve certain characteristics of that breed according to what the producer wants or is looking for.
The Jamaica Black Poll is an breed of cattle reared specifically for meat.
The Simmental breed originated in Switzerland as a dual-purpose breed. Simmental/Fleckvieh cattle where and are used for milk, meat, and sometimes draft.
My best guess it that its Chianina cattle - the largest breed of cattle today - they are native to Italy and can be found mostly in Tuscany.
Hogs and dairy cattle
Sahiwal is a breed of Zebu cattle which primarily is used in dairy production.
These were the first breed of cattle to ever come to the Americas, long before Herefords or any other breed arrived to the US. Longhorns were the feral descendents to the Spanish cattle that arrived with Christopher Columbus when he came to America in the late 13th century. Because these cattle had over 300 years to populate the lower part of the United States and because they were the only source of beef available at the time, they were the only cattle that were used during the "Cattle Kingdom."