The distance to the moon is not dependent upon its phase. Sometimes the new moon might be at perigee (closest approach to earth), and sometimes the full moon is at perigee, and sometimes other phases.
It varies. If you mean "which one can be the closest", it would be Deimos, which can get just slightly closer than Phobos (it can also get just slightly further away; on average, they're the same distance).
If you mean "which one is it right now", I don't know and frankly am not interested enough to try to find out; the difference is fairly trivial... a matter of maybe 25000 miles at most, compared to an overall distance of never less than 34 million miles... and changes rapidly anyway, since Phobos completes an orbit in about 7 hours and 40 minutes.
Earth (if you mean Earth's moon)
the moon is the closest to the earth
If the Moon is between Earth and the Sun, it is not a phase, at all . . . it is a solar eclipse.
Half-moon Half-Earth
The Moon
new moon is the first phase of the Moon, when it lies closest to the Sun in the sky as seen from the Earth
Earth is the closest planet to the moon and Venus follows as the second closest planet to the moon
the moon is the closest to the earth
Waxing Gibbous. The Moon will be full this weekend, and will appear larger than usual, because the full moon coincides with perigee, the Moon's closest approach to Earth.
The closest natural object to Earth is the moon.
New Moon Phase
New Moon Phase
In the new Moon phase.
The crescent Moon implies a gibbous Earth, as seen from the Moon.
The phase of the moon depends on it position in relation to the earth and the sun. For instance, when the moon is in between the earth and the sun, this is the new of full moon phase.
The Earth is the closest body to the moon.
Earth (if you mean Earth's moon)