shot gun and very early muskets
Depending on the way the weapon was used; Fingerprints - skin or hair samples of either the perpetrator OR the victim (if it was used as a club) - the rifling of the barrel of the weapon itself - etc.
Standard
Type of rifling/twist.
Terminology check: A musket is not a rifle at all - it is a smoothbore weapon. A rifle is so-called because it has a rifled (grooved) barrel. That said, until rifling came along, muskets were the shoulder weapon of most armies, yes (the purpose of rifling the barrel was to make the bullet "spin" - this greatly increased accuracy).
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There is no such thing as a Flintlock rifle. There is a rifle and a flintlock. A rifle is a weapon with rifling in the barrel which are curved notches wich cause the bullet to spin as it travels down the barrel. A flintlock is a weapon with no rifling and shoots a spherical ball. It is propelled down the barrel by an explosion caused by a flint stiking a metal plate. The sparks then ignite some gunpowder shooting the shot from the barrel. A flintlock was not a brilliant weapon, they weren't that powerful, they had a poor range and they sometimes misfired.
Ballard style rifling is a type of rifling pattern characterized by its distinctive, polygonal grooves that have a rounded cross-section. Developed in the mid-19th century by the American gunsmith Charles Ballard, this rifling design is known for improving accuracy and stability of the projectile during flight. The grooves are typically deeper and wider than traditional rifling, allowing for better grip on the bullet. Ballard rifling is often found in single-shot rifles and is appreciated for its performance in both target shooting and hunting.
Micro groove rifling is a type of barrel rifling characterized by very shallow grooves cut into the bore of a firearm's barrel. Unlike traditional rifling, which features deeper grooves, micro groove rifling typically has more grooves that are narrower and shallower, allowing for a smoother bore. This design can enhance bullet stability and improve accuracy, particularly with certain types of ammunition. It is often used in rifles and handguns to optimize performance while reducing the potential for fouling and wear.
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Generally a smoothbore weapon, some rifledbore flintlock pistols were produced. The smoothbore were easier to make and mass produce at a faster rate.
There are many ways - such as... Entry & exit wounds on a corpse, powder residue, bullet holes at the crime scene, rifling (on any recovered projectile).
The rifling is there to spin the bullet, which gives greater accuracy.