The great majority of both Ashkenazim and Sephardim, some 80% or so, are descended from the tribe of Judah (plus converts and descendants of converts). The remaining 20% include Levites (from the tribe of Levi), Cohanim (also a part of the Levites), the entire Tribe of Benjamin, and a small percentage from every one of the remaining tribes. (When the Ten Tribes were carried off into Assyria and didn't return, some of them had already mixed into the tribe of Judah before that, through marriage and through large-scale migration [e.g. 2 Chronicles 15:9]. Also, the Talmud relates [Megillah 14b] that, one century after the Ten Tribes were exiled [and their location was still known], Jeremiah journeyed to where they were and brought some of them back to Judea. Thus, today's Jewry includes a small percentage of every one of the Lost Tribes. [See for example the Talmud, Pesachim 4a.])
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Yes, but Ashkenazi Jews are stricter than Sephardi Jews.
An Ashkenazi is an alternative term for an Ashkenazi Jew, a group of Jews of German and Eastern European origin.
Ashkenazi Jews
Ashkenazi Jews are Jews from Europe. Over the centuries, many European pagans and Christians converted to Judaism, and their descendants are referred to as Ashkenazi Jews. Of course, there had always been some Jews in Europe who were descendants from the original immigrants from Judea. Apart from those who fled to Spain to avoid persecution, their descendants are also called Ashkenazi Jews.
Ashkenazi Jews
of course
Yes, they are.
Ashkenazi Jews are an ethnic group comprised of Jews who went to Europe after the expulsion. Ashkenaz was the word for Germany in the Middle Ages, but it generally applies to Jews with a European ancestry.
Reform Judaism had its origins in the Ashkenazi community, but there are plenty of Ashkenazi Orthodox Jews and plenty of Reform Jews with Sephardic backgrounds. In Europe, you can find Liberal synagogues (analogous to the Reform movement in the United States) that are dominated by Sephardic Jews, predominantly in French speaking countries that welcomed many Algerian Jews after the collapse of French North Africa.
Ashkenazi Jews live all over the world and speak the languages of their countries. The most common languages spoken by Ashkenazi Jews are:EnglishHebrewFrenchRussianSpanishYiddish**Yiddish was once the main daily language of Ashkenazi Jews, but today less than 1 million can speak it fluently, and most of these speakers are elderly. Fluent Yiddish speakers mainly live in Belarus, Israel, and Argentina.
Ashkenazi or Sephardic Jews
Rice (regardless of type) is classified as 'kitniyot'. This means that Ashkenazi Jews will not eat it during Passover but some Sephardi and Mizrachi groups will.