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The Abolitionists who opposed slavery in the 1800's may have been first, but there have been many others over the years, some governmental and some private. Today, the World Court, located in the Hague, Netherlands, is probably the leading governmental institution concerned with human rights, and Amnesty International is probably the leading of the private human rights defenders. In the Second World War, each belligerent country had a neutral country as its human rights observer, primarily to see that prisoners of war were treated fairly. For example, Switzerland was the neutral country appointed for the US and Great Britain, and Sweden was the human rights guardian for the Netherlands, but their effectiveness was limited.

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