The Ottoman Empire whose capital was Constantinople, the present day Istanbul in Turkey
Earlier on the Seljuk Turks controlled the Middle East. Later, the Ottoman Turks were in control.
The British (UK) controlled the majority of the Middle East, followed closely by the French.
Middle East
In 1803, most of the Middle East was controlled by the Ottoman Empire except for Persia which was under control of the Qajjar Kingdom and some parts of Arabia which were under Bedouin control.
Much of the upper Middle East (like the Levant, Anatolia, Iraq, and Egypt) was controlled by the Byzantine Empire. Persia was controlled by the Sassanian Empire. The Arabian Peninsula was controlled by various small tribes.
The British (UK) controlled the majority of the Middle East, followed closely by the French.
The OTTOMAN EMPIRE controlled the lion's share of the Middle East from 1517 to 1919, when it was carved up by Britain, France and the Saudi Royal Family. The British and French division of the Levant and Mesopotamia has been termed the "Sykes-Picot Agreement".Obviously, other countries controlled the Middle East before the Ottomans overran it in 1517.
To ensure that Middle Eastern leaders would continue supplying them with oil
The Ottoman Empire controlled most of the Middle East except in the years 1516 to 1917. During World War 1 they lost control of the area to the French.
Britain, France, Turkey (assuming you count Anatolia), and Saudi Arabia controlled roughly equal amounts of land in the Middle East after World War II.
They controlled the civilised world in the eastern Mediterranean and Middle East.
Every city in the Middle East older than 70 years has been controlled at some point or another by Muslim leaders with a few very specific exceptions like Tel Aviv.