Nicolaus Copernicus, Johannes Kepler, and of course Galileo all had hands in challenging the geocentric model and promoting the idea of heliocentrism.
Heliocentrism.
You have answered this question for yourself. It was 'Nicolas Copernicus' , hencethe word 'copernican'.
Nicholaus Copernicus, a German/Polish astronomer and mathematician, developed the Copernican Theory, a revolutionary idea which changed our understanding of the universe and how it rotates and progresses. He developed the idea of Heliocentrism, then a theory, now a fact, that the the sun, not the earth, is the center of the universe with all the planets revolving around it. His book, De revolutionibus orbium coelestium (On the Revolutions of the Celestial Spheres) was finished in 1532, however, because of Copernicus' fear of rejection from the Church and his peers, the book was not published until 1543, shortly before his death.
Nicolaus Copernicus developed and published an astronomical model in 1543 that put the sun at the center of the universe. This model became known as Copernican heliocentrism.
Heliocentrism
He believed in Heliocentrism (That the sun was the centre of the universe, not Earth).
Nicolaus Copernicus, Johannes Kepler, and of course Galileo all had hands in challenging the geocentric model and promoting the idea of heliocentrism.
express an idea that can be refuted or defended
In Heliocentrism, the Sun (Helios) is said to be at the centre of the universe.
express an idea that can be refuted or defended
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Heliocentrism is the "truth" discovered by Galileo that is depicted burning in the fire with him. Heliocentrism is the idea that Earth and the other planets in our galaxy revolve around the Sun. The fire in the picture represents the sun, with the surrounding people representing the planets and the Earth's moon. Hope this helped!
Heliocentrism.
Newton
Idea B Wells was threatened by Southerners when she defended victims of lynchings.
By looking at the stars and planes.