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The advance of Islam into Europe by the Seljuk Turks, later the Ottoman Empire ended with the Crusades. Infighting among the various Muslims sects and empires stimulated by the Crusades and the Spanish Inquisition coupled with the prerequisites for an industrial revolution found in Britain denuded the Middle east of resources at a critical time of developement. In a sense the Crusades began the equivalent of the Dark Ages for Islamic empires.
The Ottoman state began as one of many small Turkish states that emerged in Asia Minor during the breakdown of the empire of the Seljuk Turks.
It is unclear who is meant by "the commoners". If the question is referring to the indigenous population of Anatolia, that initially resisted the Seljuk incursions from what is now Kazakhstan and Uzbekistan, these people were absorbed into the Seljuk Empire. Under Seljuk and Ottoman Occupation, these people who were originally Byzantine citizens, began to identify as Turks, speak Turkish as their native language, practice Sunni Islam instead of Orthodox Christianity. This Anatolian population remains to this day and constitutes the majority of the current Turkish population. Of course, there were those former Byzantine citizens who had unique identities that were not lost under Seljuk conquest, such as the Armenians and the Kurds.
It was around the year 1000 that the Seljuk Turks stormed onto the scene and began to establish a powerful empire, in the process taking on both the major Islamic Caliphates and the venerable Byzantine Empire The previous answer was: The Crusades. While it is true that Crusaders attacked both Byzantium and the Muslim states, they did not start arriving until 1098 when the First Crusade was launched, a Crusade which was allied with the Byzantines, albeit briefly.
Probably the Seljuks as they inflicted a major defeat on the Byzantines at Manzikert in 1071; by the 1090s Anatolia was under Seljuk control, which probably prompted Alexios, the Byzantine Emperor, into asking Pope Urban II for knights, which starts the First Crusade. The Fatimids were probably also a pain as well, though probably less so. Also, the Byzantines also suffered from a series of revolts and coups, which seem to be standard of Byzantine life.
The first crusades began when the Seljuk Turks Conquered Constantinople.
The Crusades began soon after the Seljuk Turks threatened the Byzantine Empire, a Christian nation and a key ally of Western Europe. The Seljuk Turks' conquests in Anatolia and their capture of Jerusalem sparked a call for the Crusades to reclaim these territories.
The advance of Islam into Europe by the Seljuk Turks, later the Ottoman Empire ended with the Crusades. Infighting among the various Muslims sects and empires stimulated by the Crusades and the Spanish Inquisition coupled with the prerequisites for an industrial revolution found in Britain denuded the Middle East of resources at a critical time of developement. In a sense the Crusades began the equivalent of the Dark Ages for Islamic empires.
The advance of Islam into Europe by the Seljuk Turks, later the Ottoman Empire ended with the Crusades. Infighting among the various Muslims sects and empires stimulated by the Crusades and the Spanish Inquisition coupled with the prerequisites for an industrial revolution found in Britain denuded the Middle east of resources at a critical time of developement. In a sense the Crusades began the equivalent of the Dark Ages for Islamic empires.
The Ottoman state began as one of many small Turkish states that emerged in Asia Minor during the breakdown of the empire of the Seljuk Turks.
It is unclear who is meant by "the commoners". If the question is referring to the indigenous population of Anatolia, that initially resisted the Seljuk incursions from what is now Kazakhstan and Uzbekistan, these people were absorbed into the Seljuk Empire. Under Seljuk and Ottoman Occupation, these people who were originally Byzantine citizens, began to identify as Turks, speak Turkish as their native language, practice Sunni Islam instead of Orthodox Christianity. This Anatolian population remains to this day and constitutes the majority of the current Turkish population. Of course, there were those former Byzantine citizens who had unique identities that were not lost under Seljuk conquest, such as the Armenians and the Kurds.
They admitted only those pilgrims traveling from Constantinople. The began to welcome Christian pilgrims to Jerusalem. They doubled the taxes for traveling on the roads into Jerusalem. They closed the pilgrimage routes to Jerusalem.
It was around the year 1000 that the Seljuk Turks stormed onto the scene and began to establish a powerful empire, in the process taking on both the major Islamic Caliphates and the venerable Byzantine Empire The previous answer was: The Crusades. While it is true that Crusaders attacked both Byzantium and the Muslim states, they did not start arriving until 1098 when the First Crusade was launched, a Crusade which was allied with the Byzantines, albeit briefly.
The Holy Lands are important to both the Christians and Muslims. The crusades began when the Muslims began denying Christians access to the sacred sites.
Probably the Seljuks as they inflicted a major defeat on the Byzantines at Manzikert in 1071; by the 1090s Anatolia was under Seljuk control, which probably prompted Alexios, the Byzantine Emperor, into asking Pope Urban II for knights, which starts the First Crusade. The Fatimids were probably also a pain as well, though probably less so. Also, the Byzantines also suffered from a series of revolts and coups, which seem to be standard of Byzantine life.
1096-1291 A.D (OFF and ON)
The first crusade began in 1096.