John Dalton
Ernest Rutherford first suggested that an atom is made mostly of space. He also thought that electrons moved around the nucleus like the planets moved around the sun.
Bohr did not speak of fixed LOCATIONS of electrons, he spoke of fixed energy levels. His name for such energy levels was "orbits" or "orbitals."
Ernest did an experiment where he shot alpha particles into a gold foil that proved the concept of a nuclear atom, that is an atom with a nucleus made of protons and neutrons and have electrons moving around the nucleus in some way. His experiment did not show the position of electrons or energy levels or even how they moved.
Ernest Rutherford was the first person to transmute an element. He also produced the model of an atom in which a tiny nucleus was surrounded by a vast space in which the electrons moved.
- Plum pudding model: electrons are included in a positive sphere.- The Bohr model consider that electrons are in a continuous movement around the atomic nucleus.
Ernest did an experiment where he shot alpha particles into a gold foil that proved the concept of a nuclear atom,that is an atom with a nucleus made of protons and neutrons and have electrons moving around the nucleus in some way.His experiment did not show the position of electrons or energy levels or even how they moved.
Oersted first noticed this around 1820.
Assuming you are talking about the electrons in their shells (not the displaced ones):It depends on the distance of those electrons from the nucleus. For example electron in the outer shell of potassium (K) is further away form the nucleus than electron in the outer shell of sodium (Na).It means that potassium can lose this electron in outer shell easier than sodium does, and therefore is more reactive than sodium.
A polar covalent compound is a compound consisting of molecules which have regions of positive and negative charge due to the covalent bonding between atoms. The atom with a greater charged nucleus ( atoms with greater proton number) will attract the shared electrons causing them to move closer to the nucleus which will make this slightly negatively charged due to the negative electrons. The atom which the shared electrons has moved away from ( atoms with smaller proton number) will become slightly positively charged.
Electrons or other charged particles are moved around; no new charges are created.
An electron produces an electron cloud when it is moved about a nucleus of an atom.