The Internal Revenue Service a.k.a. the government of the US
Massachusetts had the power to tax citizens.
An elected Congress has the power to tax citizens.
D federal power is limited while state power is unlimited
Puerto Ricans are US citizens. US citizens who live in Puerto Rico are not subject to the US Federal income tax on income they make from sources in Puerto Rico. Any Puerto Rican who moves to another part of the US is subject to Federal income tax just as all other US citizens are.
Yes. It's called Income Tax. States can require an income tax, and there is tax payable to the Federal Government.
power of state government
state legislatures had no power to tax their citizens
No, every governmental entity can tax citizens. Often taxes are grouped with those of the state, county or city, so you can more easily see what you are paying for.
Yes...all State citizens pay US federal tax...no exceptions.
If you mean the Congress of the Unites States of America, then that congress has the power to determine how non US citizens can (if they want) become US citizens. It does not have power to determine the rules for citizenship for any other country.
24 I think
Because it is the 'Law of the Land'.