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Thomas Edison invented the first light filament that would not fail in the first few seconds of use.

The above is the popular myth, but not supported by facts and patent. The original patents for a successful electric light (and there is a long history of attempts) belong to an English chemist Joseph Swan, who gave his information to Edison who then went on to large scale manufacture. Swan retained his manufacture rights for England (and the Continent?).

In 1871, Swan substituted cellulose nitrate film for glass plates in Photography, and thus pioneered that convenient form of film stock. Taken up by Kodak about 1889, some 18 years after Swan's work.

Reverting to the electric light, an early and unrealized problem was the imperfect evacuation of the glass envelopes, and improvements in vacuum pumps in turn, waited upon improvements in vacuum gauge technology.

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