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The two map coordinates or geodetic coordinates are latitude and longitude measured on the surface of the Earth's globe-shaped surface or at mean sea level or at the magnetic geoid.
NGA
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The method used to measure lines of longitude and latitude to determine exact location is called geodetic surveying. It involves the use of specialized instruments such as theodolites and GPS receivers to accurately measure angles and distances on the Earth's surface. These measurements are then used to calculate the precise coordinates of a particular location.
There is no such thing as "absolute" latitude and longitude coordinates. Firstly coordinates are for a point, a very tiny little thing. There will be hundreds of coordinates inside a city's boundaries. Secondly, coordinates are associated with what is called a "datum". A datum is a mathamatical description of the surface of the earth which is very irregular, not a perfect sphere. There are more than a 100 different datums. There are as many distinct sets of coordinates as there are datums. You did not provide a datum so I picked a convenient one. The latitude and longitude for the center of the La Plaza de las Glorias Catalanas in Barcelona are N41.4034, E2.18688 using World Geodetic System 1984 datum, commonly referred to as WGS84. If you had not requested "absolute" information you would not have received such a long answer. Beware what you ask for, you just might get it!
I have heard them called Map Coordinates and Geodetic Coordinates.
The two map coordinates or geodetic coordinates are latitude and longitude measured on the surface of the Earth's globe-shaped surface or at mean sea level or at the magnetic geoid.
Rudi Geodetic Point was created in 2006.
geodetic
U.S. National Geodetic Survey was created in 1807.
Geodetic azimuth is when you measure in a Brunton compass from 0 to 360 degrees clockwise.
The use of stars in geodetic measurements has been replaced by GPS satellites.
Using WGS 84 Datum Bilbao is located at 43°15′25″N 2°55′25″W. A Datum is a cartographer/mathematical description of the surface of the earth. There are many Datums and each have unique coordinates. WGS 84 stands for World Geodetic Survey 1984 which is a popular Datum.
Emery I. Balazs has written: 'Corrections applied by the National Geodetic Survey to precise leveling observations' -- subject(s): Leveling, National Geodetic Survey (U.S.), National Geodetic Survey (U.S.).
Geodetic surveying measures large areas of land, using applied mathematics to make corrections by accounting for the roundness of the earth.
A geodetic network
ewan