0
What else can I help you with?
When was Linda Bolon born?
Linda Bolon was born on 1948-06-22.
What actors and actresses appeared in Bolon - 2010?
The cast of Bolon - 2010 includes: Darya Chernova as Talan Abigail Wick as Kalo
Did the Mayans predict what would happen at the end of the world or did they just say when it would end?
Just when it ends......that 2012 movie is freaking people out. Actually, the Mayans did not predict the world would end in 2012. This has been a total misinterpretation as a result of two factors: the fact that the Mayan calendar simply ran out in 2012, and the discovery of a stone tablet, known as Monument Six. This stone tablet is especially significant because what is left of it contains the equivalent of the date 2012. The inscription on the tablet describes something that is supposed to occur in 2012 involving Bolon Yokte, a mysterious Mayan god associated with both war and creation. Although difficult to translate, the tablet suggests the wording that this god "... will descend from the sky." It should be noted that other inscriptions found at various Mayan sites give dates that extend beyond 2012. According to archaeologists, one even roughly translates into the year 4772.
Are the arawak and Maya indian related?
An easy way to show the relationships of tribes is by their languages.The Arawaks of the West Indies include the Taino tribe of the Bahamas, the Nepoya of Trinidad, the Igneri of the Lesser Antilles and the Lucayans of the eastern coast of South America. They belonged to the Ta-Arawak language family wich extends over much of Central and South America.The Maya people of Central America spoke the Ch'olan, Yukatecan and Tzeltalan dialects of the Maya language, ancestors of almost 40 modern dialects.There is therefore no connection between the Arawaks and the Maya, except that they are both native American.A few words in Ch'ol Maya and Arawak will demonstrate the difference:English...................Maya....................Arawakone.........................hun......................abatwo.........................cha'......................bianthree.......................ush......................kabynfour.........................chin.....................bithifive..........................ho'......................badakhabosix...........................wik......................bathianseven.......................wuk.....................bianthianeight........................washik.................kabynthiannine.........................bolon...................bithithianten...........................luhun...................biandakhabosun...........................kin.......................hadaliwater........................sac ha..................uiniblack........................chikin...................karimewhite........................sak......................halhirayellow.......................kan......................subuleblue or green..............yax.....................imoro
Why did the Mayans stop their calendar in 2012?
The Mayans thought the world was going to end in 2012 because that's when their calender ended. What if they just ran out of paper?It was a numerlogical superstition of their civilization. They believed that 2012, which adds up to 5 is the number of chaosAlso, archaeologists have found a stone tablet known as Monument Six. This stone tablet is especially significant because what is left of it contains the equivalent of the date 2012. The inscription on the tablet describes something that is supposed to occur in 2012 involving Bolon Yokte, a mysterious Mayan god associated with both war and creation. Although difficult to translate, the tablet suggests the wording that this god "... will descend from the sky" but there is no mention of natural disasters or other such events as seen in the movie 2012.It should be noted that other inscriptions found at various Mayan sites give dates that extend beyond 2012. According to archaeologists, one even roughly translates into the year 4772.That's a comon misconseption. They don't belive the world is going to end in 2012, its just that their calender went up to 2012. They never said anything about it ending its just that their calender extended for hundreds of years and it happened to stop in 2012.
What actors and actresses appeared in Wagas - 2013?
The cast of Wagas - 2013 includes: Marc Abaya as Filemon Mylen Abrador Aljur Abrenica as Edwin Mark Acueza Mark Acueza as Bobby Joey Adaya as himself Glenn Ala as Chris Tsuper Luis Alandy as Victor Marco Alcaraz as Emil Buencamino Mark Alcaraz as Young Rey Archie Alemania as Mico Halili Chester Allen Emnace as Boylet Rod Angeles as Benjamin Defensor Mark Anthony Fernandez as Renly Mark Anthony Fernandez as Rolando Marilyn Apolinar as Jenny Roldan Aquino as Warden Alimurong Betong as Tawag ng Tanghalan Host Ynna Asistio as Batang Amy Rich Asuncion as Cherrie Roxanne Barcelo as Marie Cesar Batistis as Tonio Ramon Bautista as Mike Enriquez Maey Bautista as Sherlyn Talactac Maey Bautista as Tawag ng Tanghalan Host Benjie Belena as Tiyo Carlos Victor Bendida as himself Louie Benoza as Jeff Antoinette Biana Cash Biana Yuri Bijasa as herself Rene Bijasa as himself Ashley Boloron as Anak ni Chef Boy Emmanuel Boloron as Anak ni Chef Boy Nocen Capati as herself Allan Capati as himself Kevin Cardona as Redge Bettina Carlos as Sherry Sasi Casas as Pio Ryza Cenon as Julie Kean Cipriano as Edwin Lingapan Julia Clarete as Chesco Valerie Concepcion as Yuri Geinah Constantino as Bandmember Paolo Contis as Jojo Paolo Contis as Rene Forsythe Cordero as Emil Rodjun Cruz as Jason Rodjun Cruz as Lander Nenita Custodio as herself Lani Custodio as himself Mikael Daez as Ronnick The Davey Langit Project as Band Isabelle Daza as Annalyn Glaiza de Castro as Bai Glaiza de Castro as Pia Arcangel Nilo De Castro as Sir Dante Justin De Leon as Jake Louise de los Reyes as Vivian Alessandra de Rossi as Nicole Vaness del Moral as Uyen Gino Dela Pena as Mel Lucky Destura as Jun Will Devaughn as Wade Bodlovic Renz Dugenia as Emily Sunny Dutta as Film Director Geoff Eigenmann as Narciso Santiago Nica Estorias as Classmate Heart Evangelista as Miriam Defensor-Santiago Frencheska Farr as Christy Galura John Feir as himself Mavic Feruelo as herself John Feruelo as himself Jennica Garcia as Rafi Boboy Garovillo as Orly Flora Gasser as Tiya Ising Dominic Gines as Bandmember Reuben Go as Chester Stacey Gonzales as Teacher Carl Guevara as Felix Carmelo Gutierrez as Talk Show Host Janine Gutierrez as Tochie Sheena Halili as Marie Sheena Halili as Nocen Mark Herras as Louie Nicole Hyala as herself Fabio Ide as Dan Dion Ignacio as Lani Trisha Jarabelo as Lesbian Bride Robert John Besido as Don Jaclyn Jose as Boots Anson-Roa Bianca King as Liza Vangie Labalan as Betang Davey Langit as Bandmember Rafaella Las as herself Chanel Latorre as Delilah Chanel Latorre as Joanna Chanel Latorre as The Other Girl Anita Linda Marky Lopez as Charee King Louie Pineda as Cheri John Loyde Boloron as Anak ni Chef Boy Pauleen Luna as Giselle Sanchez Ryan Macapagan as Anak ni Chef Boy Gerald Madrid as Amir Cherrie Madrigal as herself Michelle Madrigal as Inlo Michelle Madrigal as Malou Frank Magalona as Frankie Vince Magbanua as Young Ron Gian Magdangal as Boy Galura Pancho Magno as Ed Marnie Manicad as herself Jiggy Manicad as himself Ping Medina as Myke Jennylyn Mercado as Baby Enriquez Jennylyn Mercado as Lolet Rocco Nacino as Jiggy Rocco Nacino as Rudy Hannah Narra as Cousin Isabel Oli as Mavie Isabel Oli as Mely Chynna Ortaleza as Jennifer Tan Jeffrey Osoc as Lolita Bela Padilla as Belen Kylie Padilla as Maura Bela Padilla as Regine Allan Paule as King Rodrigo Charee Pineda as Marnie Sam Pinto as Lita Ed Quimson as Spanish Chef Dexter Quindoza as Bernie Venus Raj as January Isaac Rhian Ramos as Monica LJ Reyes as Nicole Wuthrich Jackie Rice as Nenita Alden Richards as Arnel Alden Richards as Tom Fernandez Peggy Rico Tuazon as Mia Dominic Roco as Andrew Shelemiah Rose Bolon as Executive Producer Rafael Rosell as Joey Jeany Rubitazo as Tiyahin ni Mely Neil Ryan Sese as Rey Armando Salonga as Judge Arman Samonte as Director Giselle Sanchez as herself Kevin Santos as Emman Belen Santos as herself Kevin Santos as John Dan Scotti as himself Yul Servo as John Janette Solitario as Ate Rosa Gelle Soriano as Gina Mike Tan as Batang Orly Imee Tan as Lilia Lee Taringting as Tommy Regine Tolentino as herself Andrea Torres as Jeza Clemente TJ Trinidad as Kadil Nova Villa as Amy Sherry Villanueva as herself Lilian Villanueva as Nanay ni Mely Jex Villaruel as Cousin Alex Vincent Medina as Astro Gwen Zamora as Mary Grace
What actors and actresses appeared in People and Power - 2007?
The cast of People and Power - 2007 includes: Mustafa Abdul Jalil as Himself - Leader, National Transitional Council Santhiyago Alan Dilan as Himself - Former LTTE Amr Ali as Himself - April 6 Youth Movement Lanka Amarapala as Himself - Sri Lanka Army Diego Anemone as Himself - Building Contractor Miguel Angel Alvares as Himself - Maritime Training Institute Inoel Arias Marin as Himself - Campesino Leader Akihito as Himself - Japanese Emperor Nadejda Atayeva as Herself - Association of Human Rights in Central Asia Saber Azam as Himself - UNHCR Abdul Aziz Ghazi as Himself - Red Mosque Braulia Banderas Franco as Herself - Mother of Stolen Child Cherif Bassiouni as Himself - UN Commission of Inquiry in Libya Christine Beddoe as Herself - ECPAT UK, Anti-Trafficking Group Abeer Benshatwan as Herself - Lawyer Romesh Bhattacharji as Himself - Former Narcotics Commissioner Evaldo Biasini as Himself - Priest Osama bin Laden as himself Vicen Bono as Herself - Mother of Stolen Child Widney Brown as Herself - Amnesty International Carlo Calvi as Himself - Son of Roberto Calvi Tom Catena as Himself - Catholic Medical Mission David Chable Hernan as Himself - Fisherman Domtila Chesang as Herself - Kenyan Massimo Ciancimino as Himself - Son of Vito Ciancimino Bronwyn Curtis as Herself - Guest, The Arch Group Abhijit Dam as Himself - General Practitioner Carla Del Ponte as Herself - Chief Prosecutor, Internation Tribunal Samah El Shahat as Herself - Host Malik Elosta as Himself - Squatter Manuel Espi as Himself - Adopter of Stolen Child Tariq Fatemi as Himself - Retired Diplomat Uri Fedotov as Himself - Executive Director, United Nations Office of Drugs and Crime Maurilio Fernandez as Himself - Eco-Activist Muammar Gadaffi as himself Saif Gaddafi as Himself - Son of Muammar Gaddafi Ysmael Garcia Munoz as Himself - Order of Captains and Naval Pilots Essam Gheriani as Himself - Psychologist, Benghazi Amaya Gorostiza as Herself - DNA Technician Angela Griffin as Herself - Narrator Beppe Grillo Yusuf Hamied as Himself - Chairman - Cipla Jack Jagwe as Himself - Former Advisor, Ugandan Health Ministry Shakhlo Jalolova as Herself - Wife of Detainee Juan Jose Avila Bolon as Himself - Mechanical Engineer Abdulloh Kadirov as Himself - Torture Victim Raja Kamran Khan as Himself - Businessman and Political Activist Radovan Karadzic as Himself - Accused War Criminal Islam Karimov as Himself - President of Uzbekistan Max Keiser Max Keiser as himself Max Keiser as Himself - Correspondent Gertrude Komoli as Herself - Kenyan Vojislav Kostunica as Himself - Serbian President Anthea Lawson as Herself - Global Witness Steve Levinson as Himself - Correspondent Rhoda Lodio as Herself - Pokot Self Help Group Diederik Lohman as Himself - Human Rights Watch Callum Macrae as Himself - Reporter Sandro Magister as Himself - Vatican Expert Kazi Mahfouz as Himself - Frontier Medical College Slobodan Milosevic as Himself - Former Serbian President Ratko Mladic as Himself - Accused War Criminal Francisco Montes Granillo as Himself - National Union of Seafarers Hosni Mubarak as himself Carlos Mulas as Himself - Ideas Foundation James Nason as Himself - Swiss Bankers Association Gianluigi Nuzzi as Himself - Author Barack Obama as himself Barack Obama as Himself - U.S. President Simon Ostrovsky as Himself - Reporter Nuria Pellicer Creuz as Herself - Sister of Stolen Child Mark Pieth as Himself - OECD Working Group on Bribery Srdja Popovic as Himself - Leader, Otpor Movement Sergey Psiurnyk as Himself - Morphine Distributor Shabeer Qureshi as Himself - Criminal Lawyer Gotabaya Rajapaksa as Himself - Minister of Defense Mahinda Rajapaksa as Himself - President, Sri Lanka Sudantha Ranasinghe as Himself - Commission for General Rehabilitation Yousaf Raza Gillani as Himself - Prime Minister, Pakistan Suleiman Refadi as Himself - Libyan Doctor Mihra Rittmann as Herself - Human Rights Watch Efrain Rodriguez Leon as Himself - Tabasco Human Rights Committee Ricardo Rosado Cortez as Himself - Foreman Rigger Juliana Ruhfus as Herself - Correspondent Juliana Ruhfus as Herself - Host Hermangildo Sanchez Mendez as Himself - Farmer Paikiyasothi Saravanamuttu as Himself - Sri Lankan Rights Campaigner Norafumi Sekiguchi as Himself - Local Government Worker Sujeewa Senarath Yapa as Himself - Sri Lanka Army Abdullah Senussi as Himself - Intelligence Chief, Libya Seham Sergewa as Herself - Psychologist Amal Sharaf as Herself - April 6 Youth Movement Boris Tadic as Himself - Serbian President Nancy Tomee as Herself - Kenyan Sue Turton as Herself - Al Jazeera Correspondent Justin Urquhart Stewart as Himself - Guest, Seven Investment Management Raimundo Viejo as Himself - Pompeu Fabra University Esther Vivas as Herself - Activist Maisy Weicherding as Herself - Amnesty International Ikrom Yakubov as Himself - Former Major, Uzbek Security Service Valentin Zellweger as Himself - Swiss Foreign Ministry
What languages do all the west African countries speak?
The West African countries speak more than 500 languages. Here is a partial list: 1. Abidji 2. Abron 3. Abure 4. Adioukrou 5. adyara 6. Aizi, Aproumu 7. Aizi, Mobumrin 8. Aizi, Tiagbamrin 9. Alladian 10. ambara 11. andi 12. Anyin 13. Anyin Morofo 14. Arabic, Judeo-Moroccan 15. Arabic, Moroccan Spoken 16. Arabic, Standard 17. assaniyya 18. Attié 19. Avikam 20. Baga Binari 21. Baga Kaloum 22. Baga Koga 23. Baga Manduri 24. Baga Mboteni 25. Baga Sitemu 26. Baga Sobané 27. Bainouk-Gunyaamolo 28. Bainouk-Samik 29. Bakwé 30. Balanta-Ganja 31. Bambara 32. Bandial 33. Baoulé 34. Bassa 35. Bassari 36. Bayot 37. bé 38. Bedik 39. Beng 40. Bété, Daloa 41. Bété, Gagnoa 42. Bété, Guiberoua 43. Beti 44. Biali 45. Birifor, Malba 46. Birifor, Southern 47. Bissa 48. Bobo Madaré, Southern 49. Bolon 50. Bomu 51. Buamu 52. Bullom So 53. Bwamu, Cwi 54. Bwamu, Láá Láá 55. Cerma 56. Crioulo, Upper Guinea 57. Dagaari Dioula 58. Dagara, Northern 59. Daho-Doo 60. Dan 61. Deg 62. Dewoin 63. Dida, Lakota 64. Dida, Yocoboué 65. Dogon, Jamsay 66. Dogon, Tomo Kan 67. Dogosé 68. Dogoso 69. Dyan 70. Dzùùngoo 71. Ebrié 72. Ega 73. Ejamat 74. English 75. French 76. Fulah 77. Fulfulde, Northeastern Burkina Faso 78. Gagu 79. Gbii 80. Ghomara 81. Glaro-Twabo 82. Glio-Oubi 83. Godié 84. Gola 85. Gourmanchéma 86. Grebo 87. Grebo, Barclayville 88. Grebo, Central 89. Grebo, Gboloo 90. Grebo, Northern 91. Grebo, Southern 92. Guinean Sign Language 93. Guro 94. Gusilay 95. Hassaniyya 96. Hausa 97. Imeraguen 98. Jahanka 99. Jalkunan 100. Jalunga 101. Jeri Kuo 102. Jola-Fonyi 103. Jola-Kasa 104. Jula 105. Kaansa 106. Kakabe 107. Kalamsé 108. Kantosi 109. Karaboro, Eastern 110. Karaboro, Western 111. Karon 112. Kasem 113. Kerak 114. Khe 115. Khisa 116. Khisa 117. Kisi, Southern 118. Kissi, Northern 119. Klao 120. Kobiana 121. Kodia 122. Konabéré 123. Kono 124. Koro 125. Koromfé 126. Kouya 127. Koyaga 128. Kpelle 129. Kpelle, Guinea 130. Kpelle, Liberia 131. Krahn, Eastern 132. Krahn, Western 133. Krobu 134. Krumen, Plapo 135. Krumen, Pye 136. Krumen, Tepo 137. Kulango, Bondoukou 138. Kulango, Bouna 139. Kuranko 140. Kusaal 141. Kuwaa 142. Kuwaataay 143. Laalaa 144. Landoma 145. Lele 146. Liberian English 147. Ligbi 148. Limba, East 149. Lobi 150. Loma 151. Lyélé 152. Mahou 153. Mandingo 154. Mandinka 155. Mandjak 156. Maninka, Forest 157. Maninka, Konyanka 158. Maninka, Sankaran 159. Maninkakan, Eastern 160. Maninkakan, Western 161. Mankanya 162. Mann 163. Manya 164. Marka 165. Mbato 166. Mbre 167. Mbulungish 168. Mende 169. Mixifore 170. Mlomp 171. Moba 172. Mòoré 173. Moroccan Sign Language 174. Mwan 175. N'ko 176. N'ko 177. Nalu 178. Natioro 179. Ndut 180. Neyo 181. Ninkare 182. Noon 183. Nuni, Northern 184. Nuni, Southern 185. Nyabwa 186. Nzema 187. Oniyan 188. Palor 189. Pana 190. Phuie 191. Pulaar 192. rabic, Hassaniyya 193. Saafi-Saafi 194. Samo, Matya 195. Samo, Maya 196. Samo, Southern 197. Sapo 198. Seeku 199. Senhaja de Srair 200. Senoufo, Cebaara 201. Senoufo, Djimini 202. Sénoufo, Nanerigé 203. Senoufo, Nyarafolo 204. Senoufo, Palaka 205. Sénoufo, Senara 206. Senoufo, Shempire 207. Sénoufo, Sìcìté 208. Senoufo, Tagwana 209. Serer-Sine 210. Siamou 211. Sininkere 212. Sissala 213. Songhay 214. Soninke 215. Spanish 216. Susu 217. Tachelhit 218. Tajuasohn 219. Tamasheq, Kidal 220. Tamazight, Central Atlas 221. Tarifit 222. Téén 223. Tiéfo 224. Toma 225. Tonjon 226. Toura 227. Toussian, Northern 228. Toussian, Southern 229. Turka 230. Vai 231. Viemo 232. Wamey 233. Wan 234. Wané 235. Wara 236. Wè Northern 237. Wè Southern 238. Wè Western 239. Winyé 240. Wojenaka 241. Wolof 242. Worodougou 243. Xasonga 244. Yalunka 245. Yaouré 246. Zarma 247. Zenaga
How did the Mayans get their food?
by growing the corn and then making coco and they ate donkeys and made a calenedar and did stuff Maya Trade and EconomyGod L (Bolon Yookte' K'uh), was a prince of Xibalbá, as well as a wealthy god of commerce and trade. He is an old god, sometimes with the ear of a jaguar. He's prosperous, and smokes a cigar.See Dr. Richard Hansen's Lecture in UFM, Mirador Basin, Guatemala on Feb 5 2007 Contrary to the early investigators such as Thompson, now we know that The Maya participated in long distance trade with many of the Mesoamerican cultures, including Teotihuacan, the Zapotec, and other groups in central and gulf-coast México, the Caribbean islands and down up to Colombia, as well as inter-site commerce. Favorable allocation of resources and specialization facilitated favorable trading relationships. The availability of resources is so tightly connected to economics that scholars often use economic laws, such as supply and demand, when assessing ancient Maya commerce. Specialization in trade can be defined as specialized exploitation of resources by populations in a specific environmental zone. Concentration in a specific area of commerce in response to availability of resources was key in determining the products exchanged between two groups. This long distance trade surely was accompanied by the exchange of writing, astronomic and mathematical knowledge and any other cultural manifestation.Tak'alik Ab'aj in the Pacific Lowlands is a well studied trade center since the Early Preclassic, the original population apparently arrived during the Early Preclassic period, and around the Middle Preclassic, the inhabitants were already involved in a trade network that connected the Olmec groups. The trade network was concentrated in a lineal route that ran along the boca costa region in Guatemala and that connected Mexico with El Salvador. By the beginning of the Late Preclassic period, trade nexuses were switched to the Maya groups, with a strong orientation towards Kaminaljuyú in the Highlands. The commercial route was essentially the same, except for the fact that Kaminaljuyu and its trade connections with the Motagua basin were integrated into the network. This connection ceased to exist by the end of the Preclassic period. At the beginning of the Early Classic period, Tak'alik Ab'aj established new relationships with the Northwestern Guatemalan Highlands, more specifically with the Solano group that was in a process of expansion from the centers located in the northwest, and which eventually took control over Kaminaljuyu. At that time, the trade route no longer continued in line along the boca costa, but instead, it became vertical, connecting the South Coast not only with the Northwestern Altiplano but indirectly, with the Central Altiplano now under the control of the Solano group. Another change occurred during the Late Classic, when Tak'alik Ab'aj apparently became independent just like many other sites of the South Coast of Guatemala, such as Chocolá, in the department of Suchitepéquez, and Cotzumalguapa, Montana and Texas in the department of Escuintla (Bove 1989:80). During the Preclassic the first truly state in Mesoamérica, The Mirador Basin, was linked by huge causeways that allowed the exchange of goods between bajos around 800 BC, thus giving them the strength to build the largest structures known in the Americas, including the largest Pyramid in the world, La Danta. For the Maya, the world was a transformational and multi-sensorial place, governed by analogical symbolic reasoning, where the senses of smell, touch, sight and hearing appear to have merge in what Houston and Taube (2000) have called 'cultural synaesthesia'. Contextualized within sacred landscapes, different kinds of matter such as Jade, that was believed to belong to rulers, attracted moisture, had a magnetic quality and bestowed greenness and fertility to the area around it. Turquoise, similarly, was the property of the gods and was believed to emit smoke. A defining quality of the Maya world-view is the cross-media sensual dimension which links objects to landscape, deities, myth and everyday life, thus, green objects such as Quetzal feathers, Jade and Turquoise, represented the sacred link between the gods and the rulers. Obsidian, which, in the absence of metal tools, underwrote the economic and symbolic life of the Maya for some three thousand years, played a main role in agriculture and hunting, but probably the most powerful role of obsidian was as weapon and sacrificial blade.The rise of merchants during the Pre Classic and Classic Periods facilitated growth in the middle class as well as the elite of many Maya communities. The rise of a middle class is not so much connected to the merchants themselves, but rather, to theintermediary occupations, such as skilled artisans and craftsmen, who were indirectly involved in commerce. Maya farmers transported their cocoa beans to market by canoe or in large baskets strapped to their backs, and a Mecapal, (forehead band tied to the basket). Wealthy merchants traveled further, employing porters, as there were no horses, pack animals or wheeled carts in Central America at that time. Some ventured as far as Teotihuacan, introducing them to the much-prized cocoa beans, it was also traded with the Tainos from Cuba and the Quechua from South America. Chocolate was made from roasted cocoa beans, water and a little spice: and it was the most important use of cocoa beans, although they were also valued as a currency. An early explorer visiting Guatemala found that: A large tomato was worth one bean, a turkey egg was 3 beans, 4 cocoa beans could buy a pumpkin, 100 could buy a rabbit or a good turkey hen, and 1000 a slave. Cacao beans were worth transporting for long distances because they were luxury items. In Maya times, one of the privilege of the elite (the royal house, nobles, shamans, artist, merchants, and warriors) was to drink chocolate. although it was not used as currency like in the Postclassic, it surely was a good trade foodstuff Recent studies are being aimed to the Trade routes and importance of long distance commerce in the Maya Civilization, that has been documented since the Preclassic, and flourished during the Classic period and certainly had a central role in the Politics, and Warfare the led to the Classic Maya collapse. Perhaps the most important goods involved in long distance trade to the Petén Lowlands, were Salt, Obsidian, Jade, Turquoise, Cacao, Cotton, Vanilla and Quetzal feathers, although prestigious items such as Chert and Flint for weapons and domestic tools, Pyrite and Hematite for mirrors, dyes and polishing materials, Artistic ceramics, Macaw feathers, Jaguar skins and other animal furs and of course crops, were obtained locally, also were traded between cities as exchange goods. The large centers acted as redistribution centers where merchants obtained the goods to sale in minor cities. The largest known market is that from Tikal, where all kind ofgoods where exchanged, but mainly every day goods such as clothes, fruits, vegetables, salted fish and meat, and domestic pottery. Even the most skilful and dedicated farmers had to trade some of its production in order to obtain salt, chocolate and other commodities. Feathers were used for personal adornment, as was also Jade and Obsidian. The brilliant tail feathers of the Resplendent Quetzal, that lives in the Highland cloud forests in Guatemala, the vivid green of the Jade from the Motagua River Valley, and the sharp and hard Obsidian objects, from the Highlands, that are essential in the Maya Cosmovision and social system, were rare and therefore commanded a high price.The large quantities of spondyllus shells, (both from the Pacific and the Caribbean), shaped in squares or in necklaces and earrings, found in the Preclassic sites of the Mirador Basin, have led some scholars such as Dr. Richard Hansen to believe that this was the first "currency" used by the Maya, and also are, a proof of long distance commerce. During the classic, the trade was made by exchanging goods to obtain whatever someone needs, although a piece of Jade will buy a lot of goods. Cacao beans are documented as currency during the Post Classic. The presence of almost complete specimens of marine shells from both coasts is fascinating, and outlines the importance of the wide trading connections of the earlier elites of the place, underlining the significance of El Mirador in the commerce interactions from north to south and from east to west, between the coasts and the interior of the Maya Lowlands (Sharer 1994:458).SALT: It is estimated that the Early Classic Tikal's population of roughly 45,000 consumed approximately 131.4 tons of salt annually. Not only is it required in diet, but it can also be used as a preservative Salt was also frequently used for ritual and medicinal purposes. It is also believed that salt was commonly used during childbirth and death. A midwife would offer salt to both parents at birth and a saline solution was sprinkled throughout the house following the death of a family member. Veterans of battle often wore armor, consisting of short cotton jackets packed with rock salt--the equivalent of the modern "flack jacket" and tight bindings of leather or cloth on forearms and legs. Cotton armor is so much more effective than any other protection Three major sources of Salt have been identified for the Petén Lowlands Maya sites, the Pacific Lowlands, the Caribbean coast and the Salinas de los Nueve Cerros in the Chixoy river in the Highlands of Alta Verapaz in Guatemala, where the salt is obtained from a brine springs that flows from a Salt dome, curiously its color is black, this site produced an estimated of 2,000 tons per year. Other in- land sources such as San Mateo Ixtatán in Huehuetenango and Sacapulas in Quiché also have been documented and are still in use. The Salt was obtained in disposable tin unfired brine-cooking vessels, such as the ones still used in Sacapulas and San Mateo Ixtatán, Guatemala, that not only evaporated the water, but made blocks of salt, the vessel was thus, a single use. In The Pacific Lowlands, platforms were used to obtain sun-dry salt, near La Blanca such platforms have been documented ca 1000 BC, and are perhaps the oldest in Mesoamerica. Both methods were used in the production of salt, as has been proved in Nueve Cerros by Andrews and Dillon. The salt was then transported using the river routes, such as the Chixoy, that forms the Usumacinta when it confluences with the Pasión river near Altar de Sacrificios. Jade and Obsidian: The Jade route was mainly the Motagua river and a recently discovered land route in the Sierra de las Minas, and then distributed to all the Maya area and beyond, using canoes in the Caribbean routes, as well as the Pasión River route via the land route trough Alta Verapaz. A unique and valuable trade item tends to become more valuable as it is traded farther from the source. The incentive is to profit by continuing to trade it until one of three things happens: an owner can't bear to part with it, it reaches a cultural area where it is not valued, or it reaches the bitter end of the trade route. For the jadeite axes found on Antigua, the second and third may have both applied. Antigua was the far eastern edge of the Taino cultural area and of the Caribbean island chain. This finding are significant geologically and archaeologically as it argues for the primacy of Guatemala as the New World source of jadeite jade and refutes an assertion that all exotic gems and minerals in the Eastern Caribbean were sourced from South America, as no jadeite rock is known from there. (See Jade). The Caribbean route is also the most likely Olmec trade route for Jade. The fact that Cancuén appears to have prospered for hundreds of years without warfare and that commerce appeared to play a far more important role in everyday life than religion contradicts the widespread view among scholars that religion and warfare were the sources of power for Maya rulers, particularly toward the end of their dominance, after about 600 A.D.This is true also for the Obsidian, transported from the El Chayal (25 Km north from Kaminaljuyú), San Martín Jilotepeque and from the Ixtepeque quarries, using a river that confluences with the Motagua River, then it was transported from the Caribbean shores, using the Río Azul, Holmul and Mopán rivers systems, to distribute it to the Major centers in Petén. In El Baúl Cotzumalguapa, in the Pacific Lowlands, large workshops have been documented, the production of artifacts was aimed at manufacturing two major products: prismatic blades and projectile points. Both technological types required specialized skills and a centralized productive organization. The major purpose of this production was serving the local and probably the regional demand of cutting tools, throwing weapons with a cutting point, and instruments for scraping, polishing and perforating, all of which could be a part of household maintenance activities.Quiriguá gained importance due to its dominance of theMotagua River route, as Cancuén a quiet port at the headwaters of the Pasión River. "That river, was really the superhighway of the Classic Maya world", states Arthur Demarest. During the Middle and Late Classic, Piedras Negras, had the dominance of the Usumacinta river route, substituting Altar de Sacrificios and Ceibal that held this dominance in the Preclassic and Early Classic. Dos Pilas an outpost of Tikal, was founded ca 650 AD to control the lower Pasión river route and thus the upper Usumacinta, and this brought the attention of Calakmul, that led to a series of conquer wars to hold this important commerce route. The San Pedro river, another tributary of the Usumacinta, was the northern route to Central Petén and was dominated by Waka'. Several Jade artifacts have been found as far as Costa Rica and the distant Island of Antigua. Obsidian was primarily transferred in the form of spall. The term "spall" refers to large flakes, large flake fragments, and chunks. In order to make use of obsidian it must be cut and shaped into smaller fragments that can be used as tools; hence large obsidian workshops are necessary. It is estimated that Tikal had close to a hundred of these workshops inapproximately 700 A.D. Both transport and treatment of obsidian created a labor-intensive industry, requiring simple porters, usually slaves, and skilled craftsmen. The merchants, or Pochtecas, of Teotihucan, obtained access to obsidian sources in the Guatemalan highlands, as well as major economic centers, such as Tikal and Kaminaljuyú. The raw material demand for Teotihuacan was extremely high with its estimated 45,000 population during the Early Classic Period. The hallmark tripod pottery design of Teotihuacan, found primarily in Kaminaljuyú, suggests the heavy influence of entrepreneurial traders. Potter contends Teotihuacan's greatest influence is present in the increase of long-distance tradeArt: Prestigious art objects, where made locally, but there were some very appreciated types such as the beautiful polychromes, specially the "Codex" style, from the late Classic occupation in El Mirador and Nakbé, the "Ik Site" style, now known to be Motul de San José, the Alta Verapaz ("Chamá" style) vases and plates and the "Nebaj" style in Quiché, that made exquisite ceramics, Jade Pectorals and Stelas (Tetún) commissioned by other cities. Often the work produced by a particular artist, was heavily sought after by the elite classes of Maya society, the most renown is Aj Muwan from Naranjo, maker of the 7 and 11 god vases. Cancuén and Guaytán were specialized in Jade handcrafts, Kaminaljuyú was a major producer and exporter of Obsidian objects, Río Azul also was an art exporter, including rare metal objects, found as far as Kaminaljuyú. from the Tiquisate area in the Pacific Lowlands came the finest incense burners, found in sites all over the Lowlands and Highlands sites. The pottery and statuettesmost wanted were those to be used in private rituals, mainly in shrines inside caves or in their homes. During the late classic, the Codex style from Nakbé was one of the most appreciated. The example of Aguateca is quite valuable due to its rapid abandonment, we now know that most artisans were involved in a part time job and in a low scale production, with some elite dedicated to the control of fine art and exotic goods.The Maya developed paper quite early in the first millennium, archaeological evidence of manufacture, trade and use ofbark paper by Maya dates from the early 5th century AD . The Maya named their paper Hu'un, and saw it as a writing surface when they appropriated their bark-cloth tunics as a possible means of transmitting information such as Calendars and Mathematics: "early in their history the Mayas produced a kind of tapa cloth from the inner bark of certain trees, the main being the wild fig tree *Ficus guatemalana* or Amate, named Kopo' by the Maya, (Left), This paper, superior in texture, durability, and plasticity to Egyptian papyrus, was thus perfected anonymously and communally by the Maya. (Sandstrom and Sandstrom, Traditional Papermaking 13).Maya Collapse: The level of the central area's dependency on trade can be witnessed through the eventual decline of the Petén lowlands after the deterioration of trade routes through the area. Although there are several reasons for the decline of the Maya, the failure of trade was a major issue, which impeded prosperity and lead to the abandonment of many lowland communities. The rise of merchants severely altered the political structure of many ancient Maya communities. This reverts to resource control and wealth. Commerce revolutionized the political system of the ancient Maya by allowing the rise of a different type of political elites: the merchants. Maya elites relied on luxury items, such as jade and quetzal feathers, to denote high social rank. Commoners used obsidian tools for daily work and salt for consumption and religious practices. Both commoners and the elite used Cacao as a form of currency. These dependencies entrusted merchants with substantial power and wealth. Long-distance trade was a primary source of prosperity and enabled the ancient Maya to flourish as a culturally enriched and fascinating civilization and when this trade was disrupted, it contributed to their Civilization's Mayan generally ate three meals a day. People of Maya civilization had many options to gather their food. They had various sources, from which they can gather food for example hunting, foraging apart from this they were largely depend on agricultural food. The most important crop for them was Maize. Due to the lack of nutrition in the soil of the northern and southern lowlands, quality of food in this region was very low. The main ingredients in the culture of Maya were corn, beans, Squash and chili. The maize, squash and beans are known as Three Sisters in North America because they are the main sources from which people pf this region gets the nutrition. Among all of this Maize was widely used in Mayans. Maize was used and eaten in variety of ways. Before they ate Maize, they apply procedure which is known as nixtamalized on the Maize. In this procedure they soaked and cooked in an alkaline solution. This procedure release niacin and a necessary Vitamin B which help to prevent pellagra. This also helps to reduce the incidents of Protein deficiency. The second major source of protein for Maya was beans. There were several types of beans available at that time like pinto, red, and black beans. They were also mashed up and wrapped up inside tortillas to make something like the first burrito. In the civilization of Maya, they got several types of Squash and they used all types of Squash. They dried and roasted the seeds as a nutritional snack. Apart from this several types of fruits were used by Mayans. These fruits included tomato, Chile peppers, avocado, papaya, guava and breadnut. They were either cultivated or collected from the wild. Animals like dog, turkey were the main sources of meat for the Mayans. They got meat due to the hunting of such animals. It is a major component of a soup used in many spiritual ceremonies. Although dog and turkey were main source of meat but they also did hunting for several other animals like rats, armadillos, monkeys to tapirs and macaws. In the coastal area, Fish, lobster and conch were also gathered for food. People of Maya civilization realized the important of Cocoa beans. In current days cocoa beans are used in chocolate but Mayan traded cocoa bean as currency. In about 1100 B.C Mayan's started to producing cocoa beans. Mayan's used several plants for food as well as for medicine. Plants like rickly pear, yucca cactus and sea grape were to be found on ocean beaches and were used by the Maya as a medicinal source. Beans were also mashed and then used inside the Tortillas for a buritto type of dish. Cochinita Pibil is one of the famous food among the Mayans. Cochinita Pibil was made from wild boar cooked in a coal-filled pit. Later Spanish replaced boar with the Domesticated pigs. They always made a cake from rum, almonds, and eggs on the several special occasions like wedding
What are the names of the sons of god?
Christians believe in the one God of Abraham, also revered by Judaism and Islam. The Hebrew tradition represented the name of this god with the tetragram (transliterated from hebrew): YHWH. They further believe that this same deity revealed Himself via incarnation in the person of Jesus Christ, whose name means (roughly translated from several derivations): the annointed savior. The vast majority of Christians also believe in the triune nature of god, meaning that the one God comprises three persona: The Creator, The Sustainer, and The Redeemer traditionally referred to as: the father, the son and the holy ghost. These three persona are collectively called The Holy Trinity.I assume you mean the Christian God?His name is Elohim (a plural form of El) suggesting what is later revealed that He is a Tri-unity. Father, Son and Holy Spirit.His name is Jehovah (Yahweh) - the Covenant Keeping GodHis name is El Shaddah - the All Sufficient GodHe is the God and Father of our Lord Jesus Christ.He wants you to be in Heaven with Him for He loves you. He gave His Son to die for you. If you have an interesting in him read The Bible - especially John's Gospel.Check out this website www.gospeltruthforyou.comHe has many other Names - but I love Him for He first loved me and He saved me from my sins and made me fit for heaven.Please seek Him - nothing else in the world matters so much.God blessAndrew
