Their appointed councils and assemblies. The city-states were independent until Alexander's successors established the kingdoms of Macedonia, Egypt and Syria.
Greek city states lose power at the peloponnesian war due to economic, infrastructural and agricultural ruin.
Independence, just as it was before the war. That is how the Greek world was structured.
Persian War: The Greek cities of Asia Minor provided a third of the Persian navy for the 480 invasion of southern Greece. The Greek city states of central Greece provided a substantial part of the Persian army which fought the southern Greek armies. Peloponnesian War: Athens and the cities in its empire fought the mainly Peloponnesian cities led by Sparta.
The Peloponnesian War ended the Golden Age of Greece and lead to the battling for the dominance between the city-states. Leadership of the Greek states first passed from Athens to Thebes and then to Macedonia.
They were different - one was Persia versus a coalition of Greek city-states; the other was Greek city-states versus Greek city-states.
Sparta and Athens joined 20-odd other Greek city-states to oppose Persia. After that war,the Peloponnesian League led by Sparta fought the Peloponnesian War against the Athenian empire.
The Peloponnesian War was between alliances of Greek city-states - Athens and its empire, and the Peloponnesian League led by Sparta.
Persian War: a coalition of the southern Greek city-states versus an expeditionary force from Persia with its local Greek allies. Peloponnesian War: the Athenian league/empire versus a mainly Peloponnesian League led by Sparta.
The Peloponnesian War.
Peloponnesian War
Sparta and Athens vied for supremacy .
Speaking 'Greek' does not ensure mutual friendship. In fact the Greek city-states were at perpetual war with each other.