When the United States is party to a case in the Supreme Court, it is represented by the office of the US Solicitor General. The Solicitor General's office is under the US Attorney General's Office; they are both part of the Department of Justice in the Executive branch.
The Solicitor General's office has a staff of attorneys whose job it is to argue on behalf of the government. If the case is important enough, the Solicitor General him- or herself may represent the US.
Justice Elena Kagan was US Solicitor General before her elevation to the Supreme Court; Neal Katyal is currently (December 2010) the Acting Solicitor General.
The US Supreme Court serves as the highest appellate court for cases appealed under its federal question jurisdiction.
No. The Pentagon, which serves as the headquarters for the United States Department of Defense, is located in Arlington County, Virginia. The United States Capital Building, which serves as the meeting place for the Senate and House of Representative (and the Supreme Court until 1935), are located on Capital Hill in Washington, D.C..
The Vice President of the United States
The person who serves as President of the Senate, is also vice president of the United States of America.
There is no branch called marines. They are called the United State Marine Corps and they are a ground assault force for the United States Navy. A Marine is the name of the man who serves in the USMC. A sailor is the name of the man who serves in the USN. A soldier serves in the United States Army and an airman serves in the United States Air Force. Someone who serves in the United States Coast Guard is called a Coast Guardsman.
The Preamble to the United States Constitution starts we the people of the United States. The preamble serves only as an introduction to the Constitution.
Vice President of the United States
The President of the US Senate.
He is also the vice president of the United States.
6 years.
The Supreme Court plays no role in impeachment trials. However, in the impeachment trial of the President of the United States, the Chief Justice of the United States serves as presiding officer of the Senate since it would be a conflict of interest to have the vice president presiding over a trial at which he would become President if the current President were to be found guilty.
A United States Senator serves a term of six years.