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The Hukbalahap, also known as the Huks, were a Communist guerrilla movement in the Philippines that formed during World War II to fight against Japanese occupation. After the war, they continued to struggle against the Philippine government in a movement that eventually evolved into the Hukbalahap Rebellion.
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What has the author James Dunhill written?
James Dunhill has written: 'Bernadino and the Huks'
How do you make a backyard wrestling and boxing ring?
The best way to make a ring is to get a wide and big trampoline and get three really really long ropes then get 4 tall poles that are slim and place the ropes around them ,tie it and when you do that there is something that hold the trampoline so place the poles above that and make sure you have selected a place for it to stay because other words you cant take the poles off. Then it should look something similar to a wrestling ring. 1) U MAKE 12 WELDED HUKS. 2)GET 3 90 OR 70 INCH ROPES. 3)GET 4 9FT POLS.(ASK MOM OR DAD TO TAKE YOU TO WEAR THEY MAKE FENSES) 4)LAST BUT NOT LEAST GET A CERCIL OR A SQUARE TRMPOLINE.
What is the plot of my brother my executioner of Francisco Sionil Jose?
PLOT My brother, my executioner is a controversial story representing the battle of a wealthy character with the many challenges in his life, even when it is against his own brother. the story deals with the 2 half brothers - Luis Asperri and Victor. Luis is the biological, but illegitimate son of Don Vicente Asperri, the wealthiest landowner in there. at a young age, Luis was taken by his father from his poor mother and his half-brother Vic (a nickname for Victor), who both lived in Sipnget, Rosales, Pangasinan. His father gave him all he needs. Luis became a writer and editor of a left-wing magazine. he returned to rosales when he found out that his father was sick. he came home together with trining, his female cousin, who studies in the convent. In order for the Asperris to preserve their wealth, Luis married trining. after sometime, she got pregnant. but in manila, Luis also had an affair with his manager's daughter - ester - which is also trining's best friend. but because they quarreled one night, ester disappeared and was found out to be dead. he then found out from his mother that his half-brother Victor became the commander of Hukbalahap (hukbong bayan laban sa mga hapon) which is against rich people and feudal landowners. Thus, the brothers had different personalities, beliefs, views and status in life. they meet again as both friends and foes. these are their misunderstandings as brothers. Luis considers himself liberal. he is against the goals of his brother which is to put down his status as a wealthy landowner for the benefit of the poor. at the end of the story, vic warned them about the huks. he told him to leave the place. but they didnt listen. Trining got shot and died. Luis then revenged and fought for his status and for the death of his wife. This story is a must read for everyone for it elaborates on the political structures and some aspects of the Philippine history. it is also somewhat similar to Jose Rizal's noli me tangere and el filibusterismo. reading it really requires full attention for them to be able to grasp the meaning of the story. although the theme tackles more on political life of the rural people, readers can still be caught by romance in some chapters, particularly to Luis, and his affection for 2 women, trining and ester. PLOT My brother, my executioner is a controversial story representing the battle of a wealthy character with the many challenges in his life, even when it is against his own brother. the story deals with the 2 half brothers - Luis Asperri and Victor. Luis is the biological, but illegitimate son of Don Vicente Asperri, the wealthiest landowner in there. at a young age, Luis was taken by his father from his poor mother and his half-brother Vic (a nickname for Victor), who both lived in Sipnget, Rosales, Pangasinan. His father gave him all he needs. Luis became a writer and editor of a left-wing magazine. he returned to rosales when he found out that his father was sick. he came home together with trining, his female cousin, who studies in the convent. In order for the Asperris to preserve their wealth, Luis married trining. after sometime, she got pregnant. but in manila, Luis also had an affair with his manager's daughter - ester - which is also trining's best friend. but because they quarreled one night, ester disappeared and was found out to be dead. he then found out from his mother that his half-brother Victor became the commander of Hukbalahap (hukbong bayan laban sa mga hapon) which is against rich people and feudal landowners. Thus, the brothers had different personalities, beliefs, views and status in life. they meet again as both friends and foes. these are their misunderstandings as brothers. Luis considers himself liberal. he is against the goals of his brother which is to put down his status as a wealthy landowner for the benefit of the poor. at the end of the story, vic warned them about the huks. he told him to leave the place. but they didnt listen. Trining got shot and died. Luis then revenged and fought for his status and for the death of his wife. This story is a must read for everyone for it elaborates on the political structures and some aspects of the Philippine history. it is also somewhat similar to Jose Rizal's noli me tangere and el filibusterismo. reading it really requires full attention for them to be able to grasp the meaning of the story. although the theme tackles more on political life of the rural people, readers can still be caught by romance in some chapters, particularly to Luis, and his affection for 2 women, trining and ester.
Was general grievous on Star Wars ever a human?
No General Greivous was part of a reptilian species called the Kaleesh from planet Kalee. They were enemies from a neighboring spieces called the Huks and they wore skull battle masks made from their most feared creatures and they would hand down the skull masks from generation to generation. General Greivous of course had one of these masks. General Greivous was a Kaleesh warlord and would go and battle every day and then would return home to his wives and offspring. He had 10 wives and 30 kids. But then he was in a shuttel crash leaving him fatally injured and soem gusy who i forget their names found him and put him together in the form of a cyborg and like resurected him sorta and they presented him as a gift to Count Dooku. At first he was taken aback by suck a bizarre thing but he and Darth Sidious saw potential and trained him in the ways of the lightsaber. Now he is a feared sith warlord and General. Most of that ifnormation i learned form Starwars.com and one or two things from wookiepedia. So most of that information is property of Starwars.com and wookiepedia.com and not me. Starwars and General Greivous are property of George Lucas and/or Lucasfilm and i do not own eaither or any of thos copyrighted things.
What are the programs of President Ramon Magsaysay?
President Ramon Magsaysay of the Philippines was known for his "Filipino First" policy, which aimed to prioritize Filipino interests over foreign influences. He also implemented agrarian reform programs to improve the lives of farmers and combat corruption within the government. Magsaysay was also known for his hands-on approach to leadership, often traveling to remote areas to better understand the needs of his people.
What are the contributions of ramon magsaysay?
He let the Filipinos to have freedom, and help the Philippines in many ways.
Who were Filipinos fought in Korean war?
June 24, 2012, 9:10pm MANILA, Philippines (PNA) --- When the Korean War broke out on June 25, 1950, the Philippines was the first Asian country to send combat troops to help the beleaguered South Koreans fight the invading North Koreans and Chinese forces. That act of the Philippines in response to a call by a friend in need 62 years ago would never be forgotten by South Korea. The Philippine Veterans Affairs Office (PVAO), currently headed by retired Lt. Gen. Ernesto G. Carolina, said that it was on Aug. 7, 1950, or 43 days after the war erupted when then President Elpidio R. Quirino announced the deployment of 7,420 Filipino combat troops to Korea known as the Philippine Expeditionary Forces to Korea (PEFTOK). Quirino said the sending of Philippines combat troops to Korea was in fulfillment of the country's obligation as a co-signer of the United Nations Charter. "Poor as we are, this country is making a great sacrifice in sending you there (Korea), but every peso invested in you is a sound investment for the perpetuation of our liberty and freedom," Quirino said. Quirino and his Secretary of Foreign Affairs, Carlos P. Romulo, also saw the Philippines' commitment to defend its friend, the Republic of Korea, as part of a larger fight to save world democracy from communism. PVAO said "the great friendship between the Philippines and the Republic of Korea is extraordinary. It began in 1947 at a time when the Philippines and Korea were rebuilding their countries following the massive devastation inflicted by the Second World War." It may be recalled that in 1947, the Philippines played a key role in a United Nations' initiative that led to the creation of the Republic of Korea on Aug. 15, 1948. The Philippines was the first Asian country to establish diplomatic relations with the Republic of Korea on March 3, 1949. The Korean War began 15 months later and when it ended in an Armistice on July 27, 1953, Korea, a nation that had been united for most of its history, became a country divided. The Philippines was the first Asian country to send combat troops to fight in defense of the Republic of Korea. The Philippines volunteered to fight in Korea despite having to rebuild an economy shattered by the Second World War while simultaneously subduing its own dangerous communist insurgency. Despite its own pressing need for soldiers, the Philippines recognized the urgency of assisting South Korea in its fight to survive as an independent state. On Sept 15, 1950, the officers and men of the 10th Battalion Combat Team (Motorized) boarded a transport ship at Manila Bay for their voyage to the Korean War. This battle-hardened battalion was typical of all five Battalion Combat Team (BCTs) comprising PEFTOK. All the PEFTOK soldiers had seen years of fighting the communist Huks. Retired Lt. Gen. Ernesto G. Carolina, PVAO administrator, said the five PEFTOK battalions that saw action during the Korean War from 1950 to 1955 were: • 10th Battalion Combat Team (Motorized) • 20th Battalion Combat Team (Motorized) • 19th Battalion Combat Team (Motorized) • 14th Battalion Combat Team • 2nd Battalion Combat Team The Filipino BCTs proved their combat capability during numerous battles with the enemy that "not one PEFTOK battalion was defeated or made incapable of combat as a result of enemy action despite many hard fought battles." "PEFTOK consistently defeated its main enemy (the "Chinese People's Volunteer Army") in actions for hills, cities and towns along the 38th Parallel dividing Korea. "In successfully defending South Korea, the Philippines cemented a friendship that endures to this day, and that is a source of great pride to both nations," PVAO said. A Memorial for Heroes The PEFTOK Korean Memorial Hall was constructed in honor of the 7,420 officers and men of the five BCTs who fought during the Korean War and helped rebuild Korea. Out of the 7,420-strong PEFTOK members, 112 were killed in action, 229 wounded, 16 missing and presumed dead and 41 held as prisoners of war (POWs). PVAO said the memorial honors the staunch friendship between the Philippines and the Republic of Korea forged in their shared sacrifice during the war. "It's the outstanding symbol of the decades' old partnership between the Philippines and South Korea," said Col. Paterno Viloria PhD, president of the PEFTOK Veterans Association, Inc. (PVAI), the only association of Filipino Korean War veterans. PEFTOK produced a president in the person of retired Gen. Fidel V. Ramos who was elected as the 12th President of the Republic of the Philippines in 1992 and served his six-year term until June 30, 1998. Ramos was a member of the famed 20th BCT sent to the Korean War. The Memorial Hall is one of two buildings at the "Philippines-Korea Friendship Center" along Bayani Road in Taguig City. The other is the HRD Training Center. The Memorial Hall houses the Philippines' first-ever Museum specifically about the Korean War; a multi-purpose hall, an office for PVAI, a library, a roof deck and other facilities. Inside the museum are panels describing the history of the Philippines' involvement in the Korean War and memorabilia from our soldiers who served in Korea. On the ground outside the building and inside the museum are displayed weapons used by Filipino soldiers in the Korean War. The Republic of Korea also has its own exhibit at the museum. On the other hand, the Philippines-Korea Friendship Center was a proposal by former South Korean Ambassador Choi Joong Kyung that a memorial hall be built to honor the soldiers of the Philippine Expeditionary Force to Korea or PEFTOK. Ambassador Choi noted that the friendship between the Philippines and his country strengthened by the Korean War had blossomed into a partnership both countries have nurtured over the decades. That vision led to the signing of a Memorandum of Agreement in May 2009 by Ambassador Choi, former Secretary of Defense Gilberto Teodoro, Jr. and Brig. Gen. Victorino T. Azada, former President of the PEFTOK Veterans Association, Inc. The Department of National Defense and its Philippine Veterans Affairs Office took charge of the Philippine part of the project. The Korea International Cooperation Agency (KOICA) was responsible for the South Korean contribution. Following necessary pre-construction activities, South Korean firms began work in 2011 at the 5,000-square meter project site donated by the Philippines along Bayani Road in Taguig City. First to be built at this site was the two-storey PEFTOK Korean War Memorial Hall. As work on this building was proceeding, construction began at the adjacent four-storey HRD Training Center. The HRD Training Center will train young Filipinos for gainful employment both here and abroad. The PEFTOK Memorial Hall is inscribed with the names of all the 112 Filipino heroes who were killed in action during the war.
What is the agrarian problem in the Philippines?
Pre-Spanish Period"This land is Ours God gave this land to us"Before the Spaniards came to the Philippines, Filipinos lived in villages or barangays ruled by chiefs or datus. The datus comprised the nobility. Then came the maharlikas (freemen), followed by the aliping mamamahay (serfs) and aliping saguiguilid (slaves).However, despite the existence of different classes in the social structure, practically everyone had access to the fruits of the soil. Money was unknown, and rice served as the medium of exchange.Spanish Period"United we stand, divided we fall"When the Spaniards came to the Philippines, the concept of encomienda (Royal Land Grants) was introduced. This system grants that Encomienderos must defend his encomienda from external attack, maintain peace and order within, and support the missionaries. In turn, the encomiendero acquired the right to collect tribute from the indios (native).The system, however, degenerated into abuse of power by the encomienderos The tribute soon became land rents to a few powerful landlords. And the natives who once cultivated the lands in freedom were transformed into mere share tenants.1st Philippine Republic"The yoke has finally broken"When the First Philippine Republic was established in 1899, Gen. Emilio Aguinaldo declared in the Malolos Constitution his intention to confiscate large estates, especially the so-called Friar lands.However, as the Republic was short-lived, Aguinaldo's plan was never implemented.American Period"Long live America"Significant legislation enacted during the American Period:Philippine Bill of 1902 - Set the ceilings on the hectarage of private individuals and corporations may acquire: 16 has. for private individuals and 1,024 has. for corporations.Land Registration Act of 1902 (Act No. 496) - Provided for a comprehensive registration of land titles under the Torrens system.Public Land Act of 1903 - introduced the homestead system in the Philippines.Tenancy Act of 1933 (Act No. 4054 and 4113) - regulated relationships between landowners and tenants of rice (50-50 sharing) and sugar cane lands.The Torrens system, which the Americans instituted for the registration of lands, did not solve the problem completely. Either they were not aware of the law or if they did, they could not pay the survey cost and other fees required in applying for a Torrens title.Commonwealth Period"Government for the Filipinos"President Manuel L. Quezon espoused the "Social Justice" program to arrest the increasing social unrest in Central Luzon.Significant legislation enacted during Commonwealth Period:1935 Constitution - "The promotion of social justice to ensure the well-being and economic security of all people should be the concern of the State"Commonwealth Act No. 178 (An Amendment to Rice Tenancy Act No. 4045), Nov. 13, 1936 - Provided for certain controls in the landlord-tenant relationshipsNational Rice and Corn Corporation (NARIC), 1936 - Established the price of rice and corn thereby help the poor tenants as well as consumers.Commonwealth Act. No. 461, 1937 - Specified reasons for the dismissal of tenants and only with the approval of the Tenancy Division of the Department of Justice.Rural Program Administration, created March 2, 1939 - Provided the purchase and lease of haciendas and their sale and lease to the tenants.Commonwealth Act No. 441 enacted on June 3, 1939 - Created the National Settlement Administration with a capital stock of P20,000,000.Japanese Occupation"The Era of Hukbalahap"The Second World War II started in Europe in 1939 and in the Pacific in 1941.Hukbalahap controlled whole areas of Central Luzon; landlords who supported the Japanese lost their lands to peasants while those who supported the Huks earned fixed rentals in favor of the tenants.Unfortunately, the end of war also signaled the end of gains acquired by the peasants.Upon the arrival of the Japanese in the Philippines in 1942, peasants and workers organizations grew strength. Many peasants took up arms and identified themselves with the anti-Japanese group, the HUKBALAHAP (Hukbo ng Bayan Laban sa Hapon).Philippine Republic"The New Republic"After the establishment of the Philippine Independence in 1946, the problems of land tenure remained. These became worst in certain areas. Thus the Congress of the Philippines revised the tenancy law.President Manuel Roxas (1946-1948) enacted the following laws:Republic Act No. 34 -- Established the 70-30 sharing arrangements and regulating share-tenancy contracts.Republic Act No. 55 -- Provided for a more effective safeguard against arbitrary ejectment of tenants.President Elpidio Quirino (1948-1953) enacted the following law:Executive Order No. 355 issued on October 23, 1950 -- Replaced the National Land Settlement Administration with Land Settlement Development Corporation (LASEDECO) which takes over the responsibilities of the Agricultural Machinery Equipment Corporation and the Rice and Corn Production Administration.President Ramon Magsaysay (1953-1957) enacted the following laws:Republic Act No. 1160 of 1954 -- Abolished the LASEDECO and established the National Resettlement and Rehabilitation Administration (NARRA) to resettle dissidents and landless farmers. It was particularly aimed at rebel returnees providing home lots and farmlands in Palawan and Mindanao.Republic Act No. 1199 (Agricultural Tenancy Act of 1954) -- governed the relationship between landowners and tenant farmers by organizing share-tenancy and leasehold system. The law provided the security of tenure of tenants. It also created the Court of Agrarian Relations.Republic Act No. 1400 (Land Reform Act of 1955) -- Created the Land Tenure Administration (LTA) which was responsible for the acquisition and distribution of large tenanted rice and corn lands over 200 hectares for individuals and 600 hectares for corporations.Republic Act No. 821 (Creation of Agricultural Credit Cooperative Financing Administration) -- Provided small farmers and share tenants loans with low interest rates of six to eight percent.President Carlos P. Garcia (1957-1961)Continued the program of President Ramon Magsaysay. No new legislation passed.President Diosdado Macapagal (1961-1965) enacted the following law:Republic Act No. 3844 of August 8, 1963 (Agricultural Land Reform Code) -- Abolished share tenancy, institutionalized leasehold, set retention limit at 75 hectares, invested rights of preemption and redemption for tenant farmers, provided for an administrative machinery for implementation, institutionalized a judicial system of agrarian cases, incorporated extension, marketing and supervised credit system of services of farmer beneficiaries.The RA was hailed as one that would emancipate Filipino farmers from the bondage of tenancy.President Ferdinand Marcos (1965-1986). Proclamation No. 1081 on September 21, 1972 ushered the Period of the New Society. Five days after the proclamation of Martial Law, the entire country was proclaimed a land reform area and simultaneously the Agrarian Reform Program was decreed.President Marcos enacted the following laws:Republic Act No. 6389, (Code of Agrarian Reform) and RA No. 6390 of 1971 -- Created the Department of Agrarian Reform and the Agrarian Reform Special Account Fund. It strengthen the position of farmers and expanded the scope of agrarian reform.Presidential Decree No. 2, September 26, 1972 -- Declared the country under land reform program. It enjoined all agencies and offices of the government to extend full cooperation and assistance to the DAR. It also activated the Agrarian Reform Coordinating CouncilPresidential Decree No. 27, October 21, 1972 -- Restricted land reform scope to tenanted rice and corn lands and set the retention limit at 7 hectares.President Corazon C. Aquino (1986-1992)The Constitution ratified by the Filipino people during the administration of President Corazon C. Aquino provides under Section 21 under Article II that "The State shall promote comprehensive rural development and agrarian reform."On June 10, 1988, former President Corazon C. Aquino signed into law Republic Act No. 6657 or otherwise known as the Comprehensive Agrarian Reform Law (CARL). The law became effective on June 15, 1988.Subsequently, four Presidential issuances were released in July 1987 after 48 nationwide consultations before the actual law was enacted.President Corazon C. Aquino enacted the following laws:Executive Order No. 228, July 16, 1987 - Declared full ownership to qualified farmer-beneficiaries covered by PD 27. It also determined the value remaining unvalued rice and corn lands subject of PD 27 and provided for the manner of payment by the FBs and mode of compensation to landowners.Executive Order No. 229, July 22, 1987 - Provided mechanism for the implementation of the Comprehensive Agrarian Reform Program (CARP).Proclamation No. 131, July 22, 1987 - Instituted the CARP as a major program of the government. It provided for a special fund known as the Agrarian Reform Fund (ARF), with an initial amount of Php50 billion to cover the estimated cost of the program from 1987-1992.Executive Order No. 129-A, July 26, 1987 - streamlined and expanded the power and operations of the DAR.Republic Act No. 6657, June 10, 1988 (Comprehensive Agrarian Reform Law) - An act which became effective June 15, 1988 and instituted a comprehensive agrarian reform program to promote social justice and industrialization providing the mechanism for its implementation and for other purposes. This law is still the one being implemented at present.Executive Order No. 405, June 14, 1990 - Vested in the Land Bank of the Philippines the responsibility to determine land valuation and compensation for all lands covered by CARP.Executive Order No. 407, June 14, 1990 - Accelerated the acquisition and distribution of agricultural lands, pasture lands, fishponds, agro-forestry lands and other lands of the public domain suitable for agriculture.President Fidel V. Ramos (1992-1998) When President Fidel V. Ramos formally took over in 1992, his administration came face to face with publics who have lost confidence in the agrarian reform program. His administration committed to the vision "Fairer, faster and more meaningful implementation of the Agrarian Reform Program.President Fidel V. Ramos enacted the following laws:Republic Act No. 7881, 1995 - Amended certain provisions of RA 6657 and exempted fishponds and prawns from the coverage of CARP.Republic Act No. 7905, 1995 - Strengthened the implementation of the CARP.Executive Order No. 363, 1997 - Limits the type of lands that may be converted by setting conditions under which limits the type of lands that may be converted by setting conditions under which specific categories of agricultural land are either absolutely non-negotiable for conversion or highly restricted for conversion.Republic Act No. 8435, 1997 (Agriculture and Fisheries Modernization Act AFMA) - Plugged the legal loopholes in land use conversion.Republic Act 8532, 1998 (Agrarian Reform Fund Bill) - Provided an additional Php50 billion for CARP and extended its implementation for another 10 years.President Joseph E. Estrada (1998-2000) "ERAP PARA SA MAHIRAP'. This was the battle cry that endeared President Joseph Estrada and made him very popular during the 1998 presidential election.President Joseph E. Estrada initiated the enactment of the following law:Executive Order N0. 151, September 1999 (Farmer's Trust Fund) - Allowed the voluntary consolidation of small farm operation into medium and large scale integrated enterprise that can access long-term capital.During his administration, President Estrada launched the Magkabalikat Para sa Kaunlarang Agraryo or MAGKASAKA. The DAR forged into joint ventures with private investors into agrarian sector to make FBs competitive.However, the Estrada Administration was short lived. The masses who put him into office demanded for his ouster.President Gloria Macapacal-Arroyo (2000-present) The agrarian reform program under the Arroyo administration is anchored on the vision "To make the countryside economically viable for the Filipino family by building partnership and promoting social equity and new economic opportunities towards lasting peace and sustainable rural development."Land Tenure Improvement - DAR will remain vigorous in implementing land acquisition and distribution component of CARP. The DAR will improve land tenure system through land distribution and leasehold.Provision of Support Services - CARP not only involves the distribution of lands but also included package of support services which includes: credit assistance, extension services, irrigation facilities, roads and bridges, marketing facilities and training and technical support programs.Infrastrucre Projects - DAR will transform the agrarian reform communities (ARCs), an area focused and integrated delivery of support services, into rural economic zones that will help in the creation of job opportunities in the countryside.KALAHI ARZone - The KALAHI Agrarian Reform (KAR) Zones were also launched. These zones consists of one or more municipalities with concentration of ARC population to achieve greater agro-productivity.Agrarian Justice - To help clear the backlog of agrarian cases, DAR will hire more paralegal officers to support undermanned adjudicatory boards and introduce quota system to compel adjudicators to work faster on agrarian reform cases. DAR will respect
List of the Philippines President and their achievements?
General Emilio F. Aguinaldo (March 22, 1869 - February 6, 1964). He was 29 years old when he became Chief of State, first as head of the dictatorship he thought should be established upon his return to Cavite in May 1898 from voluntary exile in Hongkong, and then a month later as President of the Revolutionary Government that Apolinario Mabini had persuaded him should instead be instituted.Aguinaldo's presidential term formally began in 1898 and ended on April 1, 1901, when he took an oath of allegiance to the United States a week after his capture in Palanan, Isabela. His term also featured the setting up of the Malolos Republic, which has its own Congress, Constitution, and national and local officialdom -- proving Filipinos also had the capacity to build.Aguinaldo is best remembered for the proclamation of Philippine Independence on June 12, 1898, in Kawit, Cavite.Manuel L. Quezon (August 19, 1878 - August 1, 1944). He won the elections held in September 1935 to choose the head of the Commonwealth Government. It was a government made possible by the Tydings-McDuffie Law, which Quezon secured from the U.S.Quezon had emerged as the acknowledged leader of Philippine politics and possessed the kind of background and experience that appealed to Filipinos. He had a bachelor of arts degree, studied law, and landed fourth place in the 1903 Bar examinations. He served in the revolution, fighting in Tarlac, Pampanga, and Bataan, and ended up with the rank of major. He was appointed provincial fiscal of Mindoro and Tayabas, his home province. He was elected governor of Tayabas in 1905 and in 1907, first assemblyman from the province to the First Philippine National Assembly. In 1909, he was appointed resident commissioner to the U.S. and when he finished his term after eight years, he returned to the Philippines to become President of the Philippine Senate, created by the Jones Law. He was also top man of the ruling Nacionalista Party.Quezon's term (1935 - 1944), though chiefly known for making Pilipino the national language, tried to solve nagging problems inherited from the Spanish and American administrations. He directed his main efforts to bring about political stability, build up national defense against the threat of Japanese militarism, and strengthen an economy that was extremely dependent upon the U.S. He was also remembered for taking executive and legislative actions to implement his "social justice" program aimed at the underprivileged.The Commonwealth Government was interrupted by the Japanese invasion of 1941. Quezon and his government were forced to go into exile in the U.S. He died on August 1, 1944, in New York.Jose P. Laurel (March 9, 1891 - November 5, 1959). He was elected by the National Assembly as President of the Republic on September 25, 1943 and inducted on October 14, 1943. This unicameral assembly was created through the sponsorship of the Japanese authorities.Laurel's controversial Presidency during the Japanese Occupation (1943 - 1945) overshadowed his achievements as legislator, jurist, writer, and administrator in the pre-war struggle for independence. As an elected senator and later delegate to the Constitutional Convention, he distinguished himself for his advocacy of women's suffrage and his sponsorship of the Bill of Rights of the Constitution. He also became an associate justice of the Supreme Court.Sergio Osmena (September 9, 1878 - October 19, 1961). He was elected Vice President of the Philippines in 1935 and succeeded Quezon to the Presidency in-exile.Osmena was a notable figure in the struggle for independence. A lawyer, he espoused the cause of independence through peaceful means as editor of the Cebu newspaper El Nuevo Dia (New Day), which he founded in 1900. He served as fiscal of Cebu and Negros Oriental. He was appointed governor of Cebu in 1904 and elected to the same post in 1906. In 1907, he was elected as representative of Cebu and later became speaker of the first Philippine Assembly. In 1922, he was elected as senator. He headed important government missions to the U. S.Osmena returned to the Philippines on October 20, 1944, together with Gen. Douglas MacArthur. In February 1945, he took the reins of government.Manuel A. Roxas (January 1, 1892 - April 15, 1948). He was popularly known as the "First President of the Third Republic." He won the elections by a slim margin. He was inaugurated on July 4, 1946, the day the U.S. government granted political independence to its colony.Roxas was born in Capiz (now Roxas City), studied law at UP and graduated with honors in 1913. He topped the Bar examinations in the same year, was employed as private secretary to Chief Justice Cayetano Arellano, and taught law in 1915-1916.His political career started when he was appointed as a member of the Capiz municipal council. In 1919, he was elected as governor of Capiz. He was elected as congressman in 1922, and in 1935, he was chosen as a delegate to the Constitutional Convention. He was elected as a senator in 1941 and eventually became Senate president.The short-lived Roxas administration (1946 - 1948) embarked on a course that resulted in what were considered as his greatest achievements, namely: the ratification of the Bell Trade Act; the inclusion of the Parity Amendment in the Constitution; and the signing of the 1947 Military Bases Agreement.Roxas was not able to complete his presidential term; he died from a heart attack at Clark Air base on April 15, 1948.Elpidio Quirino (November 16, 1890 - February 28, 1956). Being the Vice President, he took over the Presidency after Roxas' death. And, he managed to retain the position after winning over Laurel in the infamous fraud-tainted 1949 elections.Quirino was born in Vigan, Ilocos Sur, finished law studies at UP in 1915, and hurdled the Bar examinations in the same year. His political career started with his election as a representative of Ilocos Sur in 1919, then as a senator in 1925, and again reelected in 1931. President Quezon appointed him as secretary of finance and then secretary of the interior in the Commonwealth Government. As Roxas' Vice President, he served concurrently first as secretary of finance and later as secretary of foreign affairs.The Quirino administration (1948 - 1953) focused on two objectives: 1) to regain faith and confidence in the government; and 2) to restore peace and order. He was more successful in the second objective - breaking the back of the Hukbalahap Movement in Central Luzon. In addition, he was credited with sponsoring the growth of industrial ventures, expanding irrigation, improving the road system, and setting up the Central Bank and rural banking. It was also during his term that the RP-US Mutual Defense Treaty was approved on August 30, 1951.Ramon Magsaysay (August 31, 1907 - March 17, 1957). He was largely famous for his success in the peace campaign. He defeated Quirino in the 1953 presidential elections by an unprecedented margin of votes.Popularly known as "the guy," Magsaysay was born in Iba, Zambales. He took up mechanical engineering at UP but ended up with a commerce degree from Jose Rizal College. He took a job as a mechanic in the bus company Try-Tran and rose to become its branch manager. He attained fame as an able guerilla leader in World War II and was subsequently named by MacArthur as military governor of Zambales during the liberation. He was elected twice as a congressman after the war. He was instrumental in having the U.S. Congress pass the G.I. Bill of Rights, which accorded benefits to the Filipino war veterans. But his national prominence resulted from being appointed defense secretary in the Quirino administration, successfully fighting the Huks, and for being the friend of the common tao.Many regard Magsaysay as the President whose heart truly bled for the common man. He toured the barrios, opened up Malacanang to the public, solicited and acted upon their complaints, built artesian wells and roads. He had Congress pass the Agricultural Tenancy Act of 1954, providing greater protection to tenants.Death came to Magsaysay when his plane crashed at Mount Pinatubo in the early morning of March 17, 1957.Carlos P. Garcia (November 4, 1896 - June 1, 1971). He presided over the eight months of Magsaysay's remaining term and went on to win the 1957 elections, "the noisiest and the most expensive in Philippine history."Garcia hailed from Talibon, Bohol. He finished his law studies at the Philippine Law School in Manila. He passed the Bar examinations and was among the top ten.His election as Bohol representative to the National Assemblly in 1952 marked his entry into Philippine politics and public service - one of the longest ever. He was again reelected as a representative. In 1931, he started the first of this three terms as governor of Bohol. In 1941, he was elected as a senator, but it was only in 1945 that he took office because of World War II. He was again reelected as a senator and in 1953, he became Vice President to Magsaysay. He was appointed in a concurrent capacity as secretary of foreign affairs.Garcia's administration (1957 - 1961) was anchored in his austerity program. It was also noted for its Filipino First policy - an attempt to boost economic independence.Diosdado Macapagal (September 28, 1910). He defeated Garcia in the presidential elections of November 14, 1961.Mapacagal - who styled himself as the "poor boy" from Lubao (Pampanga) - completed pre-law and Associate in Arts at UP; however, he was a law graduate of the University of Santo Tomas. He was the topnotcher of the Bar examinations in 1935. He then entered into a private law practice, teaching law at the side. In 1946, he was appointed Chief of the Legal Division of the Department of Foreign Affairs and was eventually sent to the Philippine Embassy in Washington as Second Secretary.In 1949, he was elected as the congressman of the first district of Pampanga and reelected in 1953. In 1958, he was elected as Vice President of the Philippines.Macapagal's administration (1961 - 1965) is best remembered for resetting the date of the celebration of Philippine Independence Day - from July 4 when the U.S. turned over the reins of government in 1946 to the more correct date of June 12 when Aguinaldo declared independence in 1898. This single act overshadowed the other distinguishing features of his administration, namely: the promotion of the stability of the Philippine currency; the initiation of a socioeconomic program aimed at the betterment of the poor; efforts to combat misdeeds in government, and the launching of his version of agrarian reform.Ferdinand E. Marcos (September 11, 1917 - September 28, 1989). He defeated Macapagal in the 1965 presidential elections. And the two-decade era of Marcos (1965 - 1986) began.Marcos was born in Sarrat, Ilocos Norte. He was a consistent scholar, took up Law at UP, and graduated cum laude in 1939. At 19, he was charged with the murder of a political enemy of his father. Thrown in jail, he reviewed for the nearing Bar examinations and topped it. Defeated at a lower court, he argued his own case in an appeal before the Supreme Court and won an acquittal. He joined the guerilla forces at the outbreak of war.Marcos entered politics with an eye to eventually capturing the presidency. In his maiden campaign in 1949, he said: "Elect me your congressman now and I'll give you an Ilokano President in 20 years." He won that election and was returned thrice to Congress as Ilocos Norte's congressman. In 1959, he was elected to the Philippine Senate and in 1963, he became its president. Completing the presidential term in 1969, he won a reelection . In 1972, he declared martial law. The rest is history.Corazon C. Aquino (January 25, 1933). President from 1986 to 1992, she is associated with the EDSA Revolt.No one could have imagined that Cory Aquino would become a president of the Philippines. Although she was born to the landed class in Tarlac, her background was so disparate from the patterns that cut presidential figures. In 1946, her family left for the U.S. and she enrolled at Ravenhill Academy in Philadelphia. She finished her junior and senior years at Notre Dame College in New York. In 1949, she entered Mount Saint Vincent College also in New York where she finished a Bachelor of Arts course, major in French .In 1953, she returned to the Philippines to take up law at the Far Eastern University. But, the following year, she met and married Benigno Ninoy Aquino. Subsequently, she became content to live in her husband's shadow and took the role of wife and mother to her five children. However, Ninoy's assassination in 1983 swept aside this role and catapulted her to the top position of the country after the tumultuous events which followed the EDSA revolution in February 1986.She refused to run for reelection in the 1992 presidential elections; but instead endorsed and worked very hard for her chosen candidate - Fidel V. Ramos.Fidel V. Ramos ((March 18, 1928). He was the military hero of the February 1986 Philippine People Power Revolution and victor of the first multiparty presidential elections in 1992, thus becoming the 12th President of the Republic of the Philippines.Ramos was born on March 18, 1928, and grew up in Lingayen, Pangasinan. His father - Narciso Ramos - was a lawyer, a crusading journalist, a five-term legislator of the House of Representatives, and later, secretary of foreign affairs.The Ramos administration has anchored its governance on the philosophy of "People Empowerment" as the engine to operationalize economic growth, social equity, and national solidarity. It is focusing on a five-point program: peace and stability; economic growth and sustainable development; energy and power generation; environmental protection; and a streamline democracy.The six-year term of Ramos (1992 - 1998) is looked upon with much hope and optimism not only because of his clear vision of the future but also because of his hands-on leadership style in meeting the challenges faced by the country. Because of his leadership, the Philippines is expected to attain full political stability, sustained economic development and social justice by the turn of the 21st century.
What are the products of Region 2 in the Philippines?
Cagayan is composed of 1 city and 28 municipalities. In turn, these consist of 820 barangays (communities).Tuguegarao City (CAPITAL) 1504 Abulug, Cagayan 1211 Alcala, Cagayan 496Allacapan, Cagayan 1035 Amulung, Cagayan546 Aparri, Cagayan 2049 Baggao, Cagayan 541 Ballesteros, Cagayan 880Buguey, Cagayan 1053 Calayan, Cagayan1059 Camalaniugan, Cagayan 438 Claveria, Cagayan 924 Lallo, Cagayan 1231 Iguig, Cagayan 771 Gonzaga, Cagayan 422Enrile, Cagayan 422 Gattaran, Cagayan700 Lasam, Cagayan 381 Piat, Cagayan476 Pamplona, Cagayan 391 Pe�ablanca, Cagayan 493 Rizal, Cagayan 954 Sanchez Mira, Cagayan 1128 Solana, Cagayan 816Sta. Ana, Cagayan 784 Sta. Praxedes, Cagayan598 Sta. Teresita, Cagayan 378 Sto. Ni�o, Cagayan 380Tuao, Cagayan883Abulug, CagayanThe municipality of Abulug lies between the municipalities of Ballesteros and Pamplona on the Northwestern part of Cagayan along the China Sea . Tulug, the original name of Abulug had been a flourishing fishing village long before Don Juan Salcedo sailed to the mouth of Abulug River in 1572. In 1629, the name "tulug"was changed into Abulug, including two barangays of Totol and Capitana.It is a typical Ybanag town. The immigrating Ilocanos had contributed to large extent to the progress of the town.Silk weaving at one time flourished in Abulug but with the abdication of Spanish rule and the absence of Spanish friars who introduced the industry, silk culture, has been totally forgotten.Its important agricultural products are rice, vegetable and industrial products are lumber and fish. Its native craft, cottage and trade are mat-weaving, pottery, nipa shingle and native winemaking.Favored with many attractions, the majestic bend of its namesake river, immensely fertile agricultural areas, unspoiled back-country scenes and friendly people. A trip down the river to the sea in the late afternoon, the magnificent sunset in all its splendor can be viewed and you can listen to the eternal sea-wishing you would be as close to nature to Abulugueños.Alcala, CagayanAlcala is an old town situated in the middle of Cagayan some 38 kilometers north of Tuguegarao.Alcala was originally called "Fulay", an Ybanag word for red, because of the distinct reddish color of the soil. When the Diocese of Nueva Segovia (at Lallo) was established in August, 1595, Fulay fell under its jurisdiction and it was not until July 20, 1789 that it was officially proclaimed a township. It was renamed "Alcala" in honor of Don Francisco Paulo de Alcala sometime in 1843.It is noteworthy to mention that the brick church built by Fray Casimiro Gonzales proved to be the biggest church within the Diocese of Nueva Segovia (30 meters in width and 90 meters in length) and it was in this church shortly before the fall of the Spanish regime to the Americans in the late 1800s that Bishop Gregorio Aglipay, then a Catholic priest and then later founder of the Philippine Independent Church, was proclaimed Ecclesiastical Governor of Cagayan.With the establishment of American Military Government in the Philippines at the turn of the century, the people of Alcala geared themselves in adjusting to a new ideology under democracy.Alcala has 25 barangays and has a total land area of 18,720 hectares. It is located on a plateau overlooking the winding Cagayan River . Its original Ibanag inhabitants were from Cabagan, Isabela, Tuguegarao and Tuao.Allacapan, CagayanAllacapan is situated in the northwestern periphery of Cagayan, boarding lower Kalinga-Apayao. It has its beginning as a small village in the jungle vastness, inhabited by Negritoes. Daring Ilocanos, mainly from Ilocos Sur, discovered it in quest for greener pasture, and eventually dominated the place.Allacapan was founded as a municipal district of Tawit, Mountain Province , in 1926. It was ceded to Cagayan in 1928, and finally became a regular municipality in 1945 by virtue of Commonwealth Act No. 590 authored by Congressman Miguel Pio.The history of Allacapan has a series of existing episodes and transitions. During the Japanese occupation, the Japanese forces established a garrison in the heart of the community from where echoed moars of torture inflicted upon prisoners of war, most often, innocent civilians. Later on, the Japanese burned the municipal hall, including the school building in the old site of Daan-Ili. The incident aggravated the fear of the civilians and they fled to the mountains.After liberation, some disgruntled ex-Army men who where not satisfied with their backpay checks took to the hills with their rifles and joined the underground movement. Allacapan then became a hotbed of the Huks (HUKBALAHAP or Hukbo ng Bayan Laban sa Hapon). Their atrocities resulted in the kidnapping of then Mayor Agustin Gorospe in September 1951, the burning of the newly constructed town hall, and the looting of the local treasury.Destiny shaped its own course for Allacapan. The construction of the highway from Magapit, Lallo to Bangag, Aparri traversing Allacapan and the opening of the Magapit Bridge to traffic, facilitated mobility of trade and commerce. Allacapan suddenly became a local point. It is now very accessible from all points and is fast becoming an urban community.How Allacapan got its name? In his continuing saga, the curiosity of Francisco Umengan, an ex-municipal president from Aparri, was aroused to the point of annoyance by the skittering of dried leaves heaped within the vicinity. On his inquiry about the significance of the noise, his Negrito guide told him "alla-appan" meaning "trap." Umengan then named the place "Allacapan" and the name struck to the present.Amulung, CagayanAmulung was officially founded on December 15, 1734 by Manuel Romero who was then alcalde mayor of the province. Romero gave an image of "Our Lady of Victory" to the inhabitants of the town, then a barrio of Iguig. It was enshrined in its first church built somewhere in 1746.Predominantly populated by the Ilocanos and Itawes, it is in this municipality where quaint dialects are spoken. Some Spanish precede the Itawes translation so that the same sentence or question is substantially stated or asked twice. An example of which would be: "Desde cuando, kanni labbet nu?". A sample answer: "Ayer, katucabi" ("Yesterday").Amulung is a mere 25 minute ride to Tuguegarao for it is only 26 kilometers away. Right now it is a fourth class municipality.Aparri, CagayanThis municipality has the coveted title " Cleanest Town in Cagayan." Located at the northernmost part of Cagayan, near Babuyan Channel. One of its 42 barangays, Fuga, is one dot of an island on the Babuyanes. The 42 barangays are distributed on its 26,460 hectare area, most of which are across the temperamental Cagayan River .On May 11, 1680 , Aparri town was officially inaugurated and was granted ecclesiastical recognition having for patron saint, Peter Thelmo. It is the only town which celebrates its town fiesta for 10 to 15 days with daily activities and nightly dancing, a showcase of the fun loving and frivolous traits of the Ibanags.It is believed that Aparri got its name when the civil and religious authorities in Nueva Segovia (now Lallo) decided in 1604, to erect a church there for the evangelization of the natives. The many priest who celebrated the first mass there remained to supervise the construction of the church and continue their evangelization work subsequently, the natives referred to their place as "Aparrian," an Ybanag word meaning "where priests resided."Noting the fast growth of "Aparrian" in population and its strategic location for a sea port, the Spanish Authorities in Nueva Segovia again decided on May 11, 1682 to separate the delta from Camalaniugan and Buguey and granted it ecclesiastical recognition and at the same time to elevate the community to the status of a "pueblo" or a township, hence, the word "aparte de Camalaniugan y Buguey." It was not long afterward, the word "aparte" was corrupted into "aparri" by the natives.Before the coming of the settlers from the Ilocos Region, Aparri has already a port and galleons were coming from Acapulco , Mexico . Mexican goods were unloaded in Aparri in exchange for native commodities like lumber, tobacco, dried/fresh fish, rice, corn and many others.By the 17th century, the ecclesiastical head in Nueva Segovia (the former capital of the province now called Lallo) lavished Aparri with Papal gifts, an ornate church, considered to be the best in Cagayan, was built. An earthquake, however, destroyed it.During the last World War, the town proper of Aparri was a devastated by bombing done by the liberating Americans who wanted to rid the town of any Japanese squatter.After the war, Aparri was on her feet again. Her people including those who died during the war contributed something for democracy. The Cagayan River and the China Sea fringing her shares, symbol of man's eternal hope and God's fulfilled promise, over spur the Aparrianos to carry on.Baggao, CagayanA third class municipality with an area of 92,060 hectares. It was once a barangay of Amulung but due to a Royal Degree on November 27, 1896 , it was separated from Amulung. Don Rafael Catolico became its head in 1899 making Baggao automatically a "pueblo."Bounded by the Sierra Madre Mountain and the Pacific Ocean, Baggao also boasts of several scenic spots like the seven Steps at Gimuno, Duba Summer Resort and the hot spring at Intal, to name a few.The inhabitants were from the early Indonesian immigrant to the present-day Ybanag, Kalingas and the migrant Ilocanos who introduced the tobacco crop.As more settlers poured in, a Spanish Missionary was assigned in the person of Fray Pedro Vicandi, O.P. He directed the construction of a chapel atop the hill overlooking the village.The most important products are rice, corn, tobacco, mongo and lumber. The chief occupation of the people is farming.Baggao is the birthplace of Msgr. Teodolfo S. Domingo, D.D. He is the first native bishop of the Tuguegarao Diocese, and was consecrated on July 2, 1957 by Msgr. Egidio Vaquozzi, Papal Nuncio.Ballesteros, CagayanA fifth class municipality, it has a 12,000 hectare land. Ballesteros came about when some barangays of Aparri and Abulug were merged to make a new town. Ballesteros was formerly a barrio of Santa Cruz of Abulug. Executive Order No. 79 issued on December 18, 1911 by Governor General William Camoron Forbes sliced the barrios of Santa Cruz, Palloc and Ammubuan from the municipality of Aparri; the barrio of Santa Cruz, Cabuluan and Cabaritan from the municipality of Abulug to form an independent municipality now known as Ballesteros, named after a kind priest, Fr. Gregorio Ballesteros, who spent the better years of his life with the residents. The inhabitants are Ibanags but the Ilocano migrants who intermarried with the natives made Ballestros an Iluko-speaking town.On January 1, 1912 , the new political subdivision was formally inaugurated into a new municipality, taking the barrios of Payagan, Fugu and Mabuttal of the municipality of Aparri . And again on October 15, 1945 , the town acquired additional territory by virtue of Commonwealth Act No. 692 which annexed to Ballesteros the Sitios of Nararagan, Cabayu, Tulang, Silangan, Cabaggawan, Lappiad and Batolin from the newly created municipality of Allacapan .On January 1, 1912 , Ballesteros was inaugurated as a municipality.In 1913, Governor-General Francis Burton Harris issued an executive order further annexing some barangays of Aparri to Ballesteros. To further expand it, sometime in October 1945, from the newly created town of Allacapan were chopped some barangays and annexed to Ballesteros, resulting to 19 barangays being attributed to Ballesteros.Now, the residents are predominantly Ilocano though there are sparingly Itawes still. The Negritoes often go down to conduct business on a barter basis.Buguey, CagayanBuguey was formerly a part of Camalaniugan. Most of the early inhabitants were the Ybanags. Buguey grew out of these inhabitants and through immigration from neighboring places including the Ilocos towns.Buguey carried the name "Cagayan" for a time and was later changed to "Navugay-IRA" then to " Mission " and lastly "Buguey." According to the accounts of Fray Julian Malumbres, O.P., before Juan Salcedo, there was a battle ensued between the pirates (moros) and the inhabitants with some Spanish soldiers. The pirates relieved the inhabitants of their earthly belongings including the brass bell of the church which is said to be the largest bell in northern Cagayan. The bell was called Sta. Barbara. To enable them to bring it home, they placed five small vintas side by side and fastened them. With all the stolen loot loaded, the pirates shoved off. Barely recovered from their shock, the inhabitants ran to the shore invoking curses on the pirates. Above the din of their angry shouts, the winds howled, the sea thundered and the vintas of the pirates capsized. And with them went down the bell."Navugay-IRA! Navugay-IRA! (meaning "they capsized!") chorused the inhabitants and the Spanish soldiers who survived the raid. Since their village had no official name, they decided to perpetuate the memory of the bell by calling it "Navugay-IRA." Some time later, they deleted "Na" and "Ira" to spell out "Vugay." Much later, the letter "V" was changed to "B" and the word pronounced "Buguey."The sea has been a benevolent employer and fishing a lucrative job. Music, as revealed by the adoptness of the people in the use of musical instruments, like the harp, violin and guitar, were commonly found in the home of every Bugueyeno.The principal products are coconut, tobacco, rice, fish and timber, and one of the tourist spot is Bantay Pukis.Calayan, CagayanThis island municipality is said to have derived its name from an Ibanag word "calayaan" which means "full of ginger."Midway between Aparri and Batanes lies Calayan. It is one of the islands dotting the China Sea on the northern coast of Luzon . Built up with white sand and sharp rocks that jut out of the sea.This 29th town of Cagayan consists of four islands located in the Babuyan Channel, namely, Calayan, Camiguin, Dalupiri and Babuyan Claro.The island group was first visited by two Dominican Fathers, Fray Andres Sanchez and Fray Geronimo Morer, in 1916. An answer to their query as to what the island was called, the natives said "calayan," an Ybanag word meaning "where laya (ginger) abounded." Indeed the missionaries' sense of smell was assailed by the pungent aroma of the root crop. The good fathers applied the word "Calayan" to the island group.Father Sanchez and Morer did not stay long in the islands. They were followed by other Dominicans: Fray Francisco Capillas as the first parish priest in 1639 and Fray Martin Real dela Cruz, who later became the first Rector of the University of Sto . Tomas. Both also did not stay long in Calayan, leaving a word of faith among the islanders who had readily embraced the Catholic faith.A more dedicated missionary was assigned as parish priest of Calayan immediately upon his arrival to the Philippines in 1684: Fray Diego Pinero O.P. He stayed in the island laboring with the natives, doing his best to elevate their economic status and at the same time noted in writing the activities and progress of the people in their Christian life.The difficulties of the life of the people was compounded by frequent raids by Muslims from Mindanao and Sulu. However, it was also known that Chinese junks visited them and traded ceramics and cloth for the native products and beautiful sea shells.Up to 1902, the Calayan island remained part of the Batanes group. The last three gobernadorcillos under the Spanish regime were Don Licerio Duerme, 1896; Don Pedro Abad, 1897; and Don Angel Escalante, 1898-1902. From that year, Calayan was under Cagayan, with Don Angel Escalante as town executive.A change for the better came to the people of Calayan on January 10, 1940 when American Forces, brought in by the USS Princetown took formal possession of the islands. The soldiers brought with them medicines, bales of cloth and other goods which they distributed to the islanders. In return the Calayanos presented the Americans ancient Chinese jars, beautiful sea shells and various handcrafted articles. The American occupation soldiers put up schools, with themselves acting as teachers with English as the medium of instruction. They not only taught beginner pupils but also conducted a class teacher training course to adults who had some schoolings before.The Japanese Imperial Forces invaded the Calayan group in December 8, 1941 . According to some Calayanos, the Japanese soldiers practically despoiled the islands of the improvements achieved during the American regime. However, the American Forces easily subdued the Japanese garrison during the early liberation period in 1944 and brought the Japanese prisoners to concentration camps in Luzon .Although Calayan became more integrated to the provincial government of Cagayan as its 29th municipality, the people were practically left to themselves due to lack of means of transportation. The first group of government officials, led by Governor Jose P. Carag, visited Calayan in 1954.In 1981, Governor Justiniano P. Cortez organized a big Mobile Government in Action Caravan that visited the islands. The Caravan dubbed "Mission of Love" was headed by Sangguniang Panlalawigan Members Atty. Dante L. Acorda and Mrs. Rosario K. Pablo. The caravan includes representative from national bureaus and agencies, provincial chiefs of offices and government and private medical practicioners. They visited the four islands, held dialogues with the people, performed medical/dental consultation and treatments and distributed rice, canned goods, vegetable seed and medicines.The "Mission of Love" was repeated in 1982, led by Governor and Dra. Cortez. Mrs. Cortez offered her services to assist in the medical project. A touching episode happened when a woman septuagenarian to whom the Governor was pointed, approached him, took his hand in hers and said: "Bendisionannaka ti Dios,Apo Governador, 'Tatta ta nakakitaakon iti governador, maragsakanakon a maisina iti daytoy a biag."When the third Caravan visited Calayan, the Calayanos met the group with the same joy and welcome as they did the previous ones. But the people had only few problems to tell, instead they expressed proposed thanks to Governor Cortez and party. Governor Cortez and the other officials in the caravan expressed sense of self-reliance and a greatly mitigated feeling of isolation among the people.Camalaniugan, CagayanAlong the Maharlika Highway , located between the northernmost towns of Luzon which is Aparri and Lallo, is the municipality of Camalaniugan . The town was named after the "malaniug" trees which grew in abundance during the early years.Camalaniugan was founded on Jun 15, 1596 , a rather early date because of its proximity to Nueva Segovia (Lallo). San Jacinto de Polonia was selected as their patron saint. The early settlers were the Ybanags and Ilocanos, both peace-loving citizens. They built their houses along the banks of the Cagayan River . They brought with them their knowledge of farming and skills in making weapons. According to the story related by the elders, among these "happy" settlers was Guiab, a famous strongman and leader of Camalaniugan. He did not like the missionaries. Because of this, he was arrested and later hanged from a malaniug tree by order of Juan Pablo Carreon. For years the people suffered injustice.Between the year 1887-1888, Fray Marcelino Cascos, O.P., built a convent. It was in this convent where Col. Daniel Tirona billeted his men after arresting the missionaries when he occupied the town in 1898.It is in this town where the oldest Christian bell in the Far East is located. It is also the birthplace of Don Vicente Nepomuceno, author of the history book "Historia Nac Cagayan" which is written in Ybanag.Claveria, CagayanClaveria lies on the northwestern part of Cagayan. It is 185.3 kilometers from Tuguegarao, the provincial capital, and 613 kilometers from Manila via Ilocos Norte. More than a century ago, some strangers named Feliciano Valdez, Joaquin Nebab, Jacinto Semana, Gaspar Rumbara, Dionicio de Peralta , Leon Agra and many others, most of them from Pasuquin and Vintar, Ilocos Norte, cleared their trail northeastward and drifted to this part of Luzon . Their place was called Kabikungan which means "where the bikungs are."Since most of the people were fishermen, there was a move to transfer the community to the seashore but the Spanish missionaries opposed the move because the stone church which was the center of their faith, would be left behind. The transfer was not effected until the coming of the marauding pirates from the south seas called "tirong" plundered the place, burned some of their dwellings and started the destruction of the church. Strong earthquakes and ravages of time and weather completed the destruction. From then on, Kabikungan continued to be frequently attacked by the tirongs until Governor General Narciso Claveria's campaign against the Moro pirates was diverted to the North after successfully conquering the south seas for which he was conferred the Grand Cross of San Fernando by the Queen of Spain.Residents of Kabikungan petitioned the sympathetic Governor General that the village be made into a town and separated from Pamplona . Pamplona is 40 kilometers east of Kabikungan. General Claveria promised its conversion but was not realized due to his recall to Spain .On June 5, 1865 , Kabikungan became a town, and in recognition of Governor Claveria's unrelentless campaign against the pirates, his unforgetable visit and promise to convert the place into a town, and his humanitarian policies, Kabikungan was christened Claveria.Claveria today is one of the cleanest towns of the Philippines . It has many scenic spots like the famous Lakay-Lakay Lagoon, Mabnang and Kilkiling Falls , and beaches.Lallo, CagayanLallo has a rich historical background. During the early part of the 16th century, Lallo was the hub of religious, trade and commercial activities of Northern Luzon . One of the first four cities in the Philippines (others were Manila , 1571; Cebu , 1565; Naga, 1575), Lalloc, old name for Lallo, benefited and enjoyed the gifts from the Papal Throne. Named Nueva Segovia by Juan Pablo Carreon in 1581, the town was the seat of the Diocese on August 15, 1595 following the order of Pope Clement VIII, until it was trasferred to Vigan, Ilocos Sur in 1755, and it was the capital of Cagayan up to 1839 when the provincial government was moved to Tuguegarao. Very famous among the missionaries at that time was Bishop Miguel de Benavides, O.P., the first bishop elected to the Diocesan home of Nueva Segovia. He later founded the University of Santo Tomas .In those years, Lallo had three parishes. The parish of the Cathedral was served by the Seculars up to 1786. This was located in the "Centro" where the present Santo Domingo church now stands. The parish of Bagumbayan was entrusted to the Dominicans by Bishop Diego de Soria in 1613. The third, the parish of Tucalana, also under the Dominicans, was located in the present site of the "Compania Tabacalera," the ruins of which were used by the said company as foundations for their buildings and warehouses.The Tabacalera (Compaña General de Tabacos Filipinas) which was founded in 1881, played a vital role in the economy of the town. This firm had developed the Philippine Tobacco and stabilized the Philippine economy.During the last World War, Lallo was made the central office of the "Gunmai" (Naric) which was controlled by the Imperial Army of Japan. The big warehouse and buildings of the Compaña Tabacalera were used by the said Japanese-controlled corporation as offices, bodegas and arsenals. These were all destroyed when the Unites States Air Force bombed the town on January 6, 1945 .After the war, her inhabitants worked hard to make their historical town retain the lustre and prestige it enjoyed during the Spanish regime. Lallo has been known also as the only town in Cagayan where clams (cabibi) abound. This is one of the source of income to many of its town people.Some of the historical and interesting spots which is still existing today is the "cotta," a kind of fortress similar to the walls of Intramuros.Iguig, CagayanThe Spanish encomienderos came to Iguig were well impressed by the friendliness displayed by the natives of the place and their willingness to embrace Christianity.In honor of the towns chieftain who was popularly called "Ig", the Spanish authorities named it Iguig.Fray Ambrocio dela Madre de Dios, O.P. and Fray Juan Layba, O.P. spearheaded the ground-breaking ceremony in the construction of the first parish church in the area. The first three churches built were washed away by great floods. And finally the fourth was built on a high hill where it is now with San Tiago as patron saint.The Ilokanos begin to settle in Iguig in the early part of the year 1608. A cholera epidemic in 1898 decimated the population and a conflagration reduced to ashes almost all the houses in the town.During the outbreak of the second World War, the people fled to the hills. The municipal officials who refused to serve the Japanese government went to Tuao where the Resistance Government of Governor Marcelo Adduru was functioning. After the wartime, the evacuees returned to their homes and started a new life. The struggle to rehabilitate was eased by war damage payments.Today, Iguig, though only a small town, is conspicous to commuters along the Maharlika Highway with its great land markers: the Iguig historic centuries-old parish church on the hill and the popular tourist attraction, the Iguig Calvary in which the 14 Stations of the Cross are depicted in life-size concrete monuments; the mildew-coated Rectory well constructed in 1768 which was then the only source of drinking water and the brick stairway to the west of the church. This stairway was used for visiting Spanish dignitaries who travelled aboard barangays (banca) which plied up and down the river.Gonzaga, CagayanLying on the northern coast of Cagayan is the town of Gonzaga . Wangag, the former name of the place was changed to Gonzaga in honor of Don Gracio Gonzaga, the first Governor of Cagayan.The early inhabitants of Gonzaga were the Negritos and the Ilokano settlers. With the coming of the missionaries, more settlers were attracted and Wangag grew. With this, another settlers was founded by the missionaries and they called "Gampao" (meaning mountainous). Wangag was given ecclesiastical recognition on February 23, 1769 with Nuestra Señora del Pilar as its patroness. The two settlements were then fused and it was called "Rumag-ay" (meaning progressive). Francisco Torres, one of the distinguished leaders of the town, submitted a petition to the effect that Gonzaga be made an official town. The government refused to recognize their plea on account of the town's few taxpayers. As a solution, Torres convinced the Negrito laborers in his lumberyard to pay their annual "cedulas" and it was only then that Gonzaga was finally established as a regular municipality in 1918.Apart from fishing and farming as major sources of the towns income, forest products have also been contributing to its annual revenues.Gonzaga is an ideal place for fun-seekers. The wide caves in Cabanbanan Norte, the hot spring in Baua and the beautiful crater of Mt. Cagua . Cool, shady, running brooks at Mission and Pateng are inviting grounds for swimming and picnicking.Enrile, CagayanEnrile, originally known as Cabug, was once a barrio of Tuguegarao. In September, 1849, it was established as a separate town and named in honor of Governor General Pascual Enrile, who was responsible for the construction of roads in Northern Luzon . Also on this day, the Dominicans gave Enrile her first priest in the person of Fray Concha. He was supposed to build Enrile a church but it turned out to be Fray Pedro Alcantara, O.P. who started the construction. However, the sporadic activities of the nucleus of the Revolution hampered its completion. It was only late in 1877 when Fray Francisco Bueno, O.P. and Atty. Vicente Guzman completed the church.When the Revolution broke out in 1898, priests, nuns and Spanish gentlemen from different parts of the province attempted to elude captivity in Enrile. For months they covered in the safe chambers of the church. Although in the end they were all captured but spared from harm by Don Vicente Guzman who had become a respected nationalist.General Emilio Aguinaldo was in Enrile when he retreated from the American Forces. He was later captured by the Americans in Palanan, Isabela. (General Aguinaldo revisited Enrile on May 8, 1940 ).During World War II, Enrile was again a place of refuge. The military government was organized from March 5 to June 30, 1945 by Agustin Palattao who was appointed Mayor. Liberation time, the town people began to rise and face the future. The people have banded themselves as one to achieve a common aspiration, the education of the children to produce a professional in every home. The development of its human resource potentials seems to have occupied the top priority in their effort to uplift living condition.Gattaran, CagayanIn the place where Gattaran lies today were three former ecclesiastical towns: Nassiping, Dummun, and Gattaran proper. Nassiping is the oldest among the three, founded on June 15, 1596 with Santa Catalina as the patron saint; Dummun was founded on May 24, 1598 and Gattaran, May 20, 1623. Since each of these towns had few inhabitants and had only one priest to administer to their religious needs, they were merged for ecclesiastical convenience into one municipality in 1877 by virtue of a Diocesan Order from the Bishop of Nueva Segovia (Lallo). Fray Francisco Suejos, O.P. was the first Gobernadorcillo.During the Spanish regime, the natives grew spiritually; but with the Americans, they grew educationally and the inhabitants assimilated a more sophisticated lifestyle. Under the Commonwealth Government, the first Municipal Mayor was Melencio Adviento, who begun the construction of the present municipal building. The building was finished during the term of the next mayor, Atty. Hipolito Mandac. The municipal building was inaugurated in September, 1941. Four months after its inauguration, World War II broke out, the Japanese Forces occupied the town and all records, cadastral titles and others were confiscated by the invading forces.With the coming of the Americans, the whole province was liberated from the Japanese forces. The first election of the Republic in 1947 made Delfino Liban the mayor. The administration marked the building of roads in the barrios, improvements of streets and others.Gattaran also boasts of historic spots which makes it a tourist landmark, like the Maduppaper Caves , the Mapaso Hot Spring and the Tanlagan Falls whose warm and cold waters meet and flow together on one bed to become the Dummun River . Another pride of Gattaran is Bolos Point, a wildlife sanctuary.Lasam, CagayanLasam was once a part of Gattaran, but as the population increased, the residents of the western part of the town asked that it be created a separate municipality.In 1950, Lasam was created as a municipality by virtue of Republic Act No. 507 signed by then President Elpidio Quirino. It was named after the late Cagayan Governor Honorio Lasam. It was officially inaugurated as a town separate from Gattaran in January 1951.Ignacio Jurado was appointed as the first mayor and his first major task was to build Lasam as a new town separate from the mother municipality of Gattaran .Lasam is primarily an agricultural community and its people derive their income mainly from farming and livestock raising.Piat, CagayanPiat is known throughout the Philippines because of its Lady of Piat (Nuestra Señora de Visitacion). Pilgrims and land tourists from all walks of life pay homage in her shrine in Piat. In the "Historia de Nuestra Señora de Piat", Father J. Malumbres tells us that the image of our Lady of Piat was brought from Macao , a colony of Portugal in China.The year 1600 saw the massacre of Spanish settlers who made the mistake of abusing the impartial friendship offered them by the Kalingas and Negritos. This incident made the Spaniards realize the danger of coming back to live in Piat. It was only in 1604 that an intrepid missionary succeeded in pacifying the belligerent Piateños. With these, the Spaniards returned to the town. The only resentment of the natives after the said incident was when the authorities compelled them to wear hats, shoes and formal dresses during holidays.The Spaniards had left when the Americans came led by Captain William Hawkins. Except for the almacinero (warehouseman) and two Spanish priests. Hawkins and his men were proffered a cordial welcome by Gobernadorcillo Vicente Oñate. They occupied Piat for a year only, after which Hawkins married Señorita Esperanza Gannaban.Historical landmarks in Piat are the following; brick watchtower (for fear of invaders a sentinel used to stay on guard there), concrete bridge bordering the Centro and Maguilling was constructed in 1911, the "Gabaldon" school building was built in 1922, and many others.Pamplona, CagayanPamplona is the result of the fusion of two villages; Abulacan (now barrio San Juan ) and Masi. Abulacan was founded by the ecclesiastical authorities on April 30, 1757 with San Juan Nepomuceno as the patron saint. Sometime in 1842, Vicar Pedro Montenegro, O.P. convinced the people to unite the two towns. The vicar named it " Pamplona " in memory of his hometown Pamplona in Spain .After the fusion, an agreement was made that there would be two patron saints of Pamplona : San Juan Nepomuceno and San Pedro de Martir. This is the reason why the town fiesta is celebrated for two days and the images of the two patron saints are carried during religious processions. The town fiesta is celebrated every April 29.In 1919, some of the prominent people of Pamplona recommended the transfer of the same to Bidduang, a barrio of Pamplona . The transfer was made on November 16, 1919 , during the administration of municipal president Esteban Meneses by order of General Wood. In 1928, on the sixth year of the administration of municipal president Paulino Ifurung , one of his last acts was the transfer of the municipal government back to its old site, Pamplona , by then called " Albano ."Most interesting spot is the mouth of the Pamplona River . It saw history in the making for it was the starting point of Salcedo and his conquistadores when they explored Cagayan in 1572. Because of the river's strong current and unpredictable floods, Mayor Nicolas B. Aquino built in 1955 a steel level and an irrigation system. It was the first of its kind in Cagayan.The town is also noted for its Malagabavi Cave . It is located at the foot of a mountain virtually shaped like a pig. Legend has it that this cave was used by a giant as an entrance to his abode. It is said that he was a normal being like a human until his tranformation to a giant by a goddess who fell in love with him.Pe�ablanca, CagayanPeñablanca has for its eastern boudary a long stretch of the Pacific Ocean , on its southern edge is the Pacific Ocean to Namabbalan, Tuguegarao; from the point, its western perimeter touches the eastern side of Tuguegarao, Iguig and Amulung up to the southern boundary of Baggao.In the mid 18th century, the Spanish authorities made this town a part of Tuguegarao and it was named "Barrio de Bubug" because of the abundance of "dapdap" trees known as "bubug" in the Ybanag dialect. Peñablanca was then considered by the Spanish friars as a hunter's paradise. Its forest were excellent hunting ground, where deer, wild pigs and wild birds of various kinds abounded.The first settlers were a group of hunters composed mostly of Ybanags from Tuguegarao. These settlers adopted the kaingin method of farming and they occupied the central part of the town now known as the Poblacion. At the later part of the 18th century, a Spanish friar was assigned to propagate Christianity in the town and suggested that this be named "Peñablanca" because of its white rocks. Peñablanca was finally made into a town on November 21, 1896 by virtue of a Royal Decree by the King of Spain.The town is blessed with natural resources rich forest, abundant marine life in its lakes and rivers and vast fertile agricultural lands.Peñablanca accelerated growth and development may be attributed to its being the site of the Callao Caves Resort and Park which is the premier tourist spot in the region. The cave has seven chambers and its chamber is 100 meters long, 50 meters wide and 36 meters high. Governor General Theodore Roosevelt, Jr. visited the cave in 1932. The cave is also a rich source of guano, a fertilizer useful to farmers.Considered as its prime agricultural products are rice, corn, mongo and peanuts. Poultry and swine projects in the locality are fast progressing too.Rizal, CagayanRizal is Cagayan's epic town where Ybanag legendary figures Biuag and Malana, were said to have fought their epic battle for supremacy over the hands of a beautiful "maginganay" by hurling each other volleys of uprooted trees and live cattle.Know as Malaueg, its name dates back in the early 1600s when Spanish conquistadores exploring the Itawes found themselves on a plateau. Feeling very thirsty, they drank the water from a brook which their nature guide called "ueg." One of the Spaniards became ill after drinking and called the brook "malo ueg" (meaning bad or evil river).A couple of years later, the leader of the people inhabiting the community where the "malo ueg" was, heard of the new benevolent faith being embraced by the people in nearby communities. This leader, Untal Pagulayan, travelled to Nueva Segovia and requested the authorities there to send religious persons to his place.The Father Provincial, Fray Miguel de San Jacinto , O.P., sent Father Mola with Untal Pagulayan back to his place. Father Mola met some of the Spanish soldiers who told him of the "ueg" incident. Forthwith, the missionary called the community "Malo Ueg." It did not take long before the area became popularly known as Malaueg.On April 26, 1608 , the Dominicans accepted the ecclesiastical administration of the town. This is recorded as the official founding of Malaueg.Father Pedro de Santo Tomas baptized Untal with the name Luis Pagulayan and his sister as Luisa Ballinan. Luis and Luisa worked devotedly for the welfare of their people, so much so that the death of Luis in 1620 was greatly lamented.Luisa continued the good work. When a strong earthquake leveled the church to the ground in 1628, Doña Luisa Ballinan rallied the people to pool their resources and furnish the labor for the restoration of their house of worship. At that time, the Indios of Zimbuey, a village not far from Malaueg rebelled and killed their encomiendero, Luis Enriquez, because of his ill treatment to them. Fearing for their lives, the Spanish missionaries left for Nueva Segovia.Missing the kind administrations of the priests, the leaders of the revolt persuaded Doña Luisa to lend them to Nueva Segovia to beg forgiveness and to beg that the priests return to their communities. The authoriites granted their request. Soon, a civil government was established in Malaueg with Martin Cauilan as the first municipal president. Through a resolution passed by the municipal council of 1914, under Municipal President Paverisno Palmea, the name of the town was changed to Rizal.Rizal now is an Iluko-Itawes 6th class municipality with 13 barangays and a land area of 12,440 hectares. It is an agricultural, rural municipality having the strongest native tobacco ever.Sanchez Mira, CagayanThe jungle clearing which grew to become what is now Sanchez Mira was then a hunting ground called Malolokit of the Kalinga. They were a nomadic tribe from the nearby sub-province of Apayao . When the Spanish friars came, it became barrio Malolokit of Pamplona.Because it was located at the tip of the productive elevated region and near the sea, settlers from Paoay, Ilocos Norte came by sailboat in 1883 to farm, hunt and fish. They were the Negro, Mackay, Cacatian, Marzan and Paclibon families. ther immigrants followed after hearing of the easy life the settlers enjoyed.The present day inhabitants are also a conglomeration of natives, so with their occupation, distinct characteristics and outlook towards life. What makes them a bit different is their outward hospitality. Guests are usually treated to bannawag (arac or nipa wine), kilawen, roasted chicken or barbequed fish.The official founding of Sanchez Mira was on August 20, 1894 , a day after the fiesta of Malolokit. The town was named in honor of Manuel Sanchez Mira, a Spanish Brigadier General assigned in the Cagayan Valley , upon strong recommendation of Hilario Pulido and Fray Santiago Jugla. Actually, Malolokit was declared a town by virtue of a Royal Decree on September 14, 1894 . For his public spirit, Hilario Pulido was appointed gobernadorcillo.In 1895, Pulido was succeeded by Mariano Arjonillo whose administration was characterized by unrest because of the Philippine Revolution against Spain . Captain Catalino Pulido took over the reigns of the town government sometime in 1898. Among his achievements was the maintenance of peace and order because the people were still cold and unresponsive to the policies introduced by the Americans.Though not as scenic as in other parts of the country, Sanchez Mira has its lures also. The ruins of "Nagtutulagan" or "Nagsisiiman" atop the promontory in Pata. It was also in Pata where the seven first baptized natives were born.With a land area of 19,880 hectares and 18 barangays, coconut trees are abundant in this town.Solana, CagayanOnce a part of Tuguegarao, Solana was established as a municipality and named after Governor General Antonio Urbiztondo Marquez dela Solana on August 18, 1851 . Augmenting its first Ybanag inhabitants were immigrants from Pangasinan, Ilocos and few Tagalog provinces.The many prudent elders who served as foundation were Señores Ligot, Juan Bayone, Jose Balauitan, Mariano Lasam, Vicente Maddela, Cayetano Miguel, Felipe Lorenzo, Antonio de Asis and Tomas Pagulayan. Men like Cayetano, Miguel and Felipe Lorenzo were among the worthy Ilocano traders. While the town was progressing, Alonzo Ligot followed the footsteps of these two men. Together with Castillo, Romero, Santo Tomas, Alcantara, Marzan and Singson, they headed their own group of new Solana citizens. Those coming from Pangasinan were enticed by Pio Guaring, while those from Capiz were headed by Lacerna. Those from Tuguegarao were lured by Vicente Carag and Gabriel Lasam.With the combined pioneering drive of these local leaders and those of the conquestadores, the new town saw much progress.During the Japanese occupation, the government of Tuguegarao evacuated to barrio Natappian.President Carlos P. Garcia inaugurated the new municipal hall in Solana on January 18, 1959 .Solana has vast fertile agricultural lands and can look forward to the near future as the "Rice Granary of Cagayan."Sta. Ana, CagayanSituated at the northeastern tip of the province bordering its eastern shore is the Pacific Ocean and its northwestern shoreline touching the China Sea . Formerly barrio Palawig of Gonzaga, the town was created by an Executive Order No. 289 of then President Elpidio Quirino, dated October 21, 1949 . The town was not named after any saint but the word "ANA" came from the first letter of the family names of then three provincial officials, namely: the late Governor Nicasio Arranz, for the first letter "A", the late Federico Navarro, for letter "N" and Roberto Avena for the last letter "A", both members of the provincial board.The first inhabitants were the Negritos and "hatcheros" (woodcutters) under Don Julian Astigarraga of Aparri. Then, some fishermen from Minanga, a barrio of Gonzaga came and resided in Palawig. In 1891 Felipe Aragpao with some settlers organized a "gimong" (society) called "Inanama." The purpose of the organization was to acquire and occupy lands around the place. That same year, Briccio Campañano of Lapog, Ilocos Sur, together with some others for Ilocos came to Palawig to apply for homesteads in the sitio of Marede. These settlers organized another "gimong" called "Dagupan."In 1935, the gimongs "Inanama and Dagupan" fused into one called "Da Inanama," headed by Navarro, they began to work for the separation of Palawig as a municipality independent from Gonzaga. Their application was held in obeyance because their population did not meet the needed number required by law. The move was suspended in 1941 and unluckily, the war broke out and the move was not carried out. It was in 1949 that Palawig and its barrios were separated from Gonzaga.Some of its agricultural and aquatic products are rice, corn, peanut, fish, lumber, shells, etc. Among its natural resources are limestone deposits at Bawac Mountain , coal at Carbon Mountain at Sta. Clara and guano deposit at Kapannikian Cave .Scenic spots/historical landmarks are Cape Engaño Lighthouse Verde point, white beaches and waterfalls.Sta. Praxedes, CagayanFormerly Langgangan, Sta. Praxedes can claim an exclusive situation which no other town in Cagayan was ever in. In 1917, Langgangan was plucked from Mountain Province to become part of Cagayan but because of boundary dispute it was decided that it had to go to the more aggressive Ilocos Norte. Finally in 1922, by an executive order, it was decided that it really belongs to Cagayan.It was inhabited by Itnegs and Apayaos only to be overwhelmed by Ilocano migrants who now make this 11,000 hectares town their home.Fishing is the main livelihood of the people which includes area weed gathering that results to having the dried seaweed "gamet" for a delicacy. Natural resources like oil, gold and forest products are likewise abound.202 kilometers away from Tuguegarao and much nearer to Ilocos Norte having for a neighbor the famous town of Pagudpod. It has 18 barangays and is presently a 6th class municipality.Sta. Teresita, CagayanYoungest town of Cagayan , it was born in 1963. Originally the biggest barangay of Buguey, it is 113.7 kilometers away from Tuguegarao.A 6th class municipality and with 19 barangays, Sta. Teresita is dependent on its riceland, gold, oil and manganese resources, although the Iluko-speaking residents augment their income by engaging in native crafts.The name Teresita comes from former Governor Teresa Dupaya, wife of former Congressman Tito Dupaya, who passed the bill for its creation.Sto. Ni�o, CagayanIt was said that this community grew around the place where a native chieftain and the leader of a team of Spanish soldiers from Nueva Segovia met and struck friendship by exchanging gifts--the latter reciprocating with a box of "imitation jewelry."The community was first known as Tabang, later changed to "Cabarungan" and still later to Sto. Niño. Then, by virtue of Executive Order No. 2390, dated February 23, 1914 , issued in response to the petition of the residents, Sto. Niño was changed to Faire.The village of Tabang grew in population and a certain level of socio-economic importance. The natives took to dressing like the Europeans and through the zealous efforts of the missionaries, embraced the new Catholic faith. As a reward, the Spanish authorities in Nueva Segovia caused the construction of a church in Tabang in 1731.Years later, a barangay of people from Dingras, Ilocos Norte, settled in Tabang. One of the Ilocano immigrants was Manuel Faire who was the first resident in the town of Cordoba to which Tabang belonged then. There he met and married Felicitas, the beautiful sister of Capitan Ubaldo Pagulayan.Through hard work and thrift, and with his marriage to the family of a landholder, Manuel Faire became an influential community leader himself. Because he demonstrated his concern for the welfare and well being of the people, both Ilocanos and natives, he won their affection and respect. The people built a big house for him and his beautiful wife.Through his examples, and with the farm technology brought in by his fellow Ilocano immigrants, the people raised good crops of corn, rice, coconut and tobacco. It is said that he was one of the signatories to the founding of Sto. Niño on November 27, 1897 . The grateful people perpetuated his memory by petitioning the authorities concerned for the renaming of their town from Sto. Niño to Faire, approved on February 28, 1914 .In the 1960s, the town of Faire was marked prominently on the map of Cagayan when the STANVAC invested some $3 million in oil exploration there. Although drilling was abandoned, the venture catalyzed economic activity in the municipality.Tuao, CagayanWhen the early Spanish missionaries were busy laying the foundation of a church late in the 1500s at a site about six kilometers from the present town of Tuao, a big bird came circling over them and then alighted on the wooden cross erected to mark the place where the corner stone was laid. It flapped its wings noisily, cried "battuao, battuao, battuao" and then flew away.The native laborers in the construction stopped working and refused to continue telling the priests that the site had not been well chosen. They insisted that a party should find out where the bird had flown to.To humor the pagan natives, one of the priests allowed himself to be led by a party of natives to look for the mysterious bird. To his surprise, they found the bird serenely perched on top of a tall tree on the edge of a wide clearing ideal for a town site. He sent one of the natives to call for the other priests, who, on their arrival, found the place much to their liking. And so the first church of Tuao was constructed on the site where the present edifice now stands.When the civil authorities founded the town in 1604, the natives insisted that it be called Tuao. Eight years later on May 13, 1612 , Tuao was accepted ecclesiastically. Father Miguel de San Jacinto , O.P. gave the town Santos Angeles Custudios (Holy Guardian Angels) as its patron saints.The early missionaries in Tuao were zealous evangelists and tactful pacifiers of warlike natives. One of them was Father Francisco Capillas who later became the first martyr in China . The first parish priest, Father Juan B. Cano, O.P. worked patiently with the people.A late comer, Father Gabriel Serrano, O.P. built a strong brick and mortar church, a rectory (convento) and a fort (cotta) in which the Spaniards and the natives sought refuge every time the town was raided by the Kalingas from the Caraballo ranges. Unfortunately, these priceless monuments to the politicalization and evangelization of Tuao by the Spaniards were destroyed by a strong earthquake on December 29, 1949 .In protest of abuses committed by some Spanish civil petty officials and soldiers, the inhabitants of Tuao and neighboring Malaueg, rose in revolt in 1781 under Magtangaga and Tomas Sinaguingan. The uprising was put down by Capitan Juan Pablo de Orduna.Tuao became famous nationwide during World War II as the seat of the successful renaissance government of Governor Marcelo Adduru. The Japanese Forces garrisoned the town when Adduru was captured late in 1943, but Adduru returned shortly after having been freed by his guerrilla soldiers early in 1944 and with his contact with Blackburn , staged from Tuao stronger guerrilla actions against the Japanese in Tuguegarao.After the war, the inhabitants work in silent diligence. Most of them used their brawn to make living, they are independent from outside help and are friendly people.Tuguegarao City (CAPITAL)Once the only first class municipality in the province, Tuguegarao is now a component city, its conversion affirmed in a plebiscite held on December 18, 1999 .Though not a big municipality in terms of area, with just 14,480 hectares in its name, Tuguegarao boasts of a very high rate of socio-economic development.The word "tuguegarao" was developed from either of the following: "garao" (swift river current), "taraw" (a specie of palm tree whose trunk is used for many things) and "tuggui gari yao " (this was cleared by fire). The last seems plausible if interpreted to mean that the areas pointed to by the natives to the first Spaniards was a "kaingin."The written history of Tuguegarao begins with its founding as a "mission-pueblo" on May 9, 1604 , with Fray Tomas Villa, O.P. as first vicar. He initiated the construction of a temporary church with Saint Peter and Saint Paul as patron saints.It was in 1724 when the San Jacinto Chapel, the first structure to be made of brick and mortar, was constructed by the Dominicans. Then Father Antonio Lobato, O.P. laid out and developed the straight, east-west/south-north oriented streets of Tuguegarao. And in 1761, Father Lobato started the construction of the Saint Peter's Cathedral which was finished in 1768. Father Geronimo de Zamora, O.P. was at one time parish priest of Tuguegarao. He later became Rector of the University of Santo Tomas and first president of the Colegio de San Juan de Letran.The most important act the Spanish authorities made was the transfer of the provincial capital in 1839 from Lallo to Tuguegarao, in recognition of this town socio- economic progress catalyzed by the opening of the Cagayan-Manila road in November, 1738 by Fray Jose Martin.With the provincial government came the Spanish civil and religious officials, more soldiers and the Guardia Civil. The Spanish Governors were: Don Rafael Martinez, 1886; Don Ignacio Chacon, 1890; Don Enrique Altamirano, 1894 and 1898; Don Antonio Marquez, 1895; and Don Demetrio Caminas, 1896.During this formative period of Tuguegarao, the trend in its development was on education. In 1896, Don Vicente Nepomuceno (the man who wrote the history of Cagayan in Ybanag dialect) venture to open a school in the later part of that year. Don Ricardo Tuyuan and Don Vicente Pagalilauan were the first instructors. Spanish grammar, Latin, Greek, geography and mathematics were the subjects taught.In 1907, the Dominicans opened another, the Colegio Sagrado Corazon de Jesus, exclusively for children, it was run by the French Religious Sisters of Saint Paul of Chartres. Another school, this time for the public, was built during the term of municipal president Esteban Quinto. After further investment on educational institutions, the far-sighted Cagayanos reverted their interest to Fourth Estate. The following publications were considered reputable: El Porvenir, Don Pablo Salo's Noticiero,Don Honorio Lasam's El Voz del Pueblo or La Verdad (also published in Aparri), and Don Nicanor's Sinceridad.The United States entered the Philippine picture when President Mc Kinley passed the initiative to the U.S. Congress on April 11, 1898 . At this time, General Emilio Aguinaldo who had been living in exile in Hong Kong returned to the Philippines and led a patriotic declaration of independence from Spain . The First Philippine Republic, with Aguinaldo as President, became operative in January 1899. But almost immediate, trouble started between the United States troops and Filipinos who had grown weary of foreign colonizers.Unites States troops led by Bachelor occupied Tuguegarao on December 12, 1899 and billeted themselves at the San Jacinto College . Colonel Hood, by wire from Washington , was appointed military governor of Cagayan, dispatched soldiers to augment Bachelor's force.In 1902, the Filipinos were finally convinced by American assurance of Filipino self- government through peaceful means. Simultaneously, improvements in Tuguegarao were realized. The first Provincial Capitol was built during the administration of Governor Pablo Guzman. It was completed in 1909 by Governor Antonio Carag. The town hall was built during the administration of Don Antonio Soriano. The public market was built during the incumbency of Don Honorio Lasam.The municipal board, during the administration of Governor Gracio Gonzaga, purchased the residence of George Weber, to house the provincial high school. The Cagayan Trade School was founded by Claude Andrews, an American educator. Governor Fermin Macanaya constructed the Cagayan High School building in 1922, completed by Governor Proceso Sebastian in 1923.The peaceful life given by the Americans to the people of Tuguegarao and all Filipinos turned into chaos when Japanese forces in a simultaneous attack on the United States and the Philippines , landed in Luzon in December 8, 1944 (Immaculate Conception Day). Tuguegarao was bombed on this day.Governor Marcelo Adduru transferred the provincial government to Tuao on December 10, 1944 . The Japanese Imperial Army occupied Tuguegarao on December 12. The people evacuated the town, but returned, late in 1942 and early 1943, the Japanese occupation command appointed Nicanor Carag as Governor and Domingo Gosiengfiao as Municipal Mayor. The Kempetai (Japanese military police) instituted judgment without the benefit of any trial. Potential spies were tortured to death.United States Air Force planes began bombing Tuguegarao in December 1944 and relentlessly continued the air raids, reducing the town to complete rubble, including the Cathedral. Early in June 1945, Filipino Guerillas entered Tuguegarao and found the Japanese had gone. Tuguegarao was officially liberated in June 25, 1945 .President Sergio Osmeña, Jr. appointed Governor Marcelo Adduru as Secretary of Labor in his cabinet, and appointed Baldomero Perez as provincial governor. After Independence , President Manuel Roxas appointed Engineer Peregrino Quinto as governor of Cagayan in the 1947 elections, Attorney Nicasio Arranz was elected governor and Dr. Venancio del Rosario, Sr. as mayor of Tuguegarao.Worthy to mention was the holding of the Philippine Interscholastic Athletic Meet on April 9, 1949 , here in Tuguegarao, which was officially opened by no less than President Elpidio Quirino.The Provincial Capitol at Alimannao was constructed under the administration of Governor Nicasio Arranz and the provincial offices transferred to the new building in 1954 at the beginning of the administration of Governor Jose P. Carag.Tuguegarao has been serving as the Provincial Capital of Cagayan since 1893 because of the notable socio-economic progress of the town.In 1975, having adequate facilities and amenities aside from being the region's geographic center and having capabilities of serving as the administrative seat of government for the Region, Tuguegarao was declared the regional Capital of Region 02.
