Hilary Clinton. She ran for New York Senate while Bill was in Office and she won the Democratic Nomination, and General Nomination. She is also the first former First Lady to be in the Cabinet of the President (Sec. of State).
Unfortunately, the answer is not Hillary Clinton.
This answer takes into account the actual definition of a public servant, but restricts it to elected positions in the United States.
Public office can be either an appointed position or an elected position. An appointed position would be one of employment, such as an employee of a government. These are department heads, judges, administrators, and blue collar workers. It would be very difficult to identify the first woman to hold an appointed office other than on the U.S. States Supreme Court.
In terms of an elected public servant, the first woman to hold public office was Susanna Medora Salter. She was elected as mayor of Argonia, Kansas in 1887.
In 1916, Jeannette Rankin was elected to the House of Representatives.
This was before women could vote.
In 1922, Rebecca Felton was appointed to the United States Senate to fill a temporary vacancy.
In 1925, Nellie Taylor Ross became the first woman governor of a state.
Between 1925 and 2016, there were a host of women who were elected to public office prior to the time of Hillary Clinton.
Hillary Clinton became the 1st wife of a former US President to be elected to national office when she was elected to the US senate in 2000.
Hillary Clinton, wife to former President Bill Clinton, was elected Senator of New York in 2001.
He was the first elected President, several men held the office of President before him but none of them were elected.
John Adams
No. His first elected position was President of the US. He did not seek an elected office after that.
YES
The only President who was neither elected as President nor as Vice President was Gerald R. Ford.
John Tyler
John Quincy Adams
Thomas Jefferson (1801)
John Tyler is the first United States President to take office following the death of an elected President. He replaced William Henry Harrison, who died on April 4, 1841
Ronald Reagan was 69 when first elected President in 1980; he was 73 when elected to his second term of office.
He was elected in 1840 and took office in 1841. but he died a month after he was elected.
John Quincy Adams