s-orbital more affinity to electrons than p when 'empty'
jumps to the a higher orbital. This is only possible if the energy it absorbed is large enough to let it jump the gap. If the energy is not large enough for the electron to jump that gap, the electron is forbidden to absorb any of that energy.
it depends on which orbital: 1: 2 2: 8 3: 18 4: 32 5: 50 6: 72 7: 98 despite the large capacities, atoms will typically attempt to maintain 8 valence electrons.
A belt sander is more suitable for sanding large surfaces efficiently compared to an orbital sander.
In our Universe, various quantities come in "chunks" called "quanta." Amongst these are electricity, which cannot come in any amount smaller than one elementary charge. For (relatively) large things, we can have two objects separated by distances (in micrometers) of 1.000 or 2.000 or 1.500 or 1.379. However, as objects get smaller and smaller, we find that, in our Universe, the quantitization of quantities becomes more and more important. One such quantized quantity is energy state. Basically, when an electron is within the electric field of a proton, our Universe REQUIRES that the electron be in a specific orbital (try not to confuse that word with "orbits," which implies that the electron is circling around the proton) outside the proton. The lowest possible orbital that our Universe will permit an electron to be around a proton is the 's' orbital, in which the electron is MOST LIKELY to be about one angstrom from the proton, with no preference for direction. In other words, this orbital resembles (note the word!) a shell. Our Universe will not permit an electron to be in any lower energy state; ie, it can NOT get any closer to a proton. Don't like this fact about our Universe? Unfortunately, this is the one we'll have to learn about -- we don't have any other Universes to choose from.
When there is a large number of electrons, the system can become negatively charged. This can lead to repulsion between the electrons, causing them to spread out or form new electron-electron interactions. In highly dense electron systems, quantum effects such as electron degeneracy or electron-pairing phenomena may become important.
Screwfix is an online tool shop that sells orbital polishers. Tesco also has them online. B and Q sell them online or in store. Most large DIY and hardware stores will sell orbital polishers.
Project Mercury.
Electrons have a negative charge, so they are repelled by the positive charge of the protons in the nucleus.They don't all move in circular orbits, however. Electrons orbit the nucleus in shells; within each shell, only the one or two electrons in the 's' subshell actually orbit the nucleus in approximately a circular fashion. The rest of the electrons in that shell orbit in a more complex motion, dictated by the laws of quantum mechanics.As a chemist who earned my Ph.D. in physical chemistry, I couldn't help but correct the original answer.Firstly, the answer to your question is that electrons do not move in circular orbits around an atom's nucleus. Please read on for further explaination.Secondly, electrons and protons stongly attractone another; they do not repel one another. The Electrostatic Force is extremely powerful. It is the second strongest of the four forces in nature. Only the Nuclear Strong Force is more powerful.Finally, quantum mechanics does not provide a mathematical model of the motion of any electron about an atom's nucleus. Rather, it dictates where a specific electron associated with a particular element's nucleus is allowed to exist and the probability of that electron being in any defined volume of space at any instant. The shapes of the different electron "orbitals" seen in textbooks typically depict the volume of space where an electron in any given orbital is present 95% of the time. An orbital could be drawn to show where an electron in that orbital is found 99% of the time, or an orbital may depict the location of an electron in three dimensions 3% of the time, and so on. The value of 95% is usually used because the orbitals are neither too large nor too small when that value is used for the lighter elements.
Alison Wigg has written: 'Molecular orbital studies of large molecules'
The overall of an atom is a nucleus (protons and neutrons), and 1 or 2 electrons. The rest are for large atoms: an electron shell, electrons, an electron shell, electrons, an electron shell, electrons, an electron shell, electrons, an electron shell, electrons, an electron shell, electrons, an electron shell, electrons.
Quantum Mechanically. They do not follow a trajectory or path in any normal sense. All the orbitals (not just the p) are statistical "clouds", the usual "pictures" shown are just a boundary enclosing the volume inside this cloud where it is most likely to find the electrons, there is a probability they will be outside this volume but still in the orbital. At one moment an electron can be at any arbitrary point in the orbital, then at the next it can be at any arbitrary point in the orbital (different or same point), it cannot be predicted.
Jupiter