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Why is there three hours in the stations of the Cross?
Catholic AnswerThere are not three hours in the Stations of the Cross. The norms for the plenary indulgence for making the Stations of the Cross include the usual 1) confession within the week, 2) Holy Communion on that same day, and 3) prayers for the Pontiff along with the specific regulations for the Stations of the Cross, which are listed below.from Enchiridion of Indulgences Norms and Grants, Authorized English Edition, translated by William T. Barry, C.SS.R., Catholic Book Publishing, Co., New York, 1969A plenary indulgence is granted to the faithful, who make the pious exercise of the Way of the Cross.In the pious exercise of the Way of the Cross we recall anew the sufferings, which the divine Redeemer endured, while going from the praetorium of Pilate, where he was condemned to death, to the mount of Calvary, where He died on the cross for our salvation.The gaining of the plenary indulgence is regulated by the following norms:1) The pious exercise must be made before stations of the Way of the Cross legitimately erected.2) For the erection of the Way of the Cross fourteen crosses are required, to which it is customary to add fourteen pictures of images, which represent the stations of Jerusalem.3) According to the more common practice, the pious exercise consists of fourteen pious readings, to which some vocal prayers are added. However, nothing more is required than a pious meditation on the Passion and Death of the Lord, which need not be a particular consideration of the individual mysteries of the stations.4) A movement from one station to the next is required.But if the pious exercise is made publically and if it is not possible for all taking part to go in an orderly way from station to station, it sufficient if at least the one conducting the exercise goes from station to station, the other remaining their place.Those who are "impeded" can gain the same indulgence, if they spend at least one half an hour in pious reading and meditation on the Passion and Death of our Lord Jesus Christ.For those belonging to Oriental rites, amongst whom this pious exercise is not practiced, the respective Patriarchs can determine some other pious exercise in memory of the Passion and death of Our Lord Jesus Christ for the gaining of this indulgence.
What are the names of the robots and probes sent to Mars?
The ones without success didn't reach mars, or they crashed onto mars. Korabl 4 Korabl 5 Korabl 11 Mars 1 Korabl 13 Mariner 3 Mariner 4 Success Returned 21 images Zond 2 Mars 1969A Mars 1969B Mariner 6 Success Returned 75 images Mariner 7 Success Returned 126 images Mariner 8 Kosmos 419 Mars 2 Orbiter/Lander Mars 3 Orbiter/Lander Success Orbiter obtained approximately 8 months of data and lander landed safely, but only 20 seconds of data Mariner 9 Success Returned 7,329 images Mars 4 Mars 5 Success Returned 60 images; only lasted 9 days Mars 6 Orbiter/Lander Mars 7 Lander Failure Missed planet; now in solar orbit. Viking 1 Orbiter/Lander Success Located landing site for Lander and first successful landing on Mars Viking 2 Orbiter/Lander Success Returned 16,000 images and extensive atmospheric data and soil experiments Phobos 1 Orbiter Phobos 2 Orbiter/Lander Mars Observer Mars Global Surveyor Success More images than all Mars Missions Mars 96 Launch vehicle failure Mars Pathfinder Success Technology experiment lasting 5 times longer than warranty Nozomi Mars Climate Orbiter Mars Polar Lander Deep Space 2 Probes (2) Mars Odyssey Success High resolution images of Mars Mars Express Orbiter/Beagle 2 Lander Mars Exploration Rover - Spirit Success Operating lifetime of more than 15 times original warranty Mars Exploration Rover - Opportunity Success Operating lifetime of more than 15 times original warranty Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter Success Returned more than 26 terabits of data (more than all other Mars missions combined) Phoenix Mars Lander Success Returned more than 25 gigabits of data Mars Science Laboratory Success Exploring Mars' habitability Phobos-Grunt/Yinghuo-1 Mangalyaan En route Mars Atmosphere and Volatile Evolution En route
What probes have been sent to Mars?
International Mars missions:Mars 1960A, USSR, 10 October 1960Mars 1960B, USSR, 14 October 1960Mars 1962A, USSR, 24 October 1962Mars 1962B, USSR, 11 November 1962Mars 1, USSR, 19 June 1963Mariner 3, USA NASA, 5 November 1964Zond 2, USSR, 6 August 1965Mariner 4, USA NASA, 15 July 1965Mariner 6, USA NASA, 31 July 1969Mariner 7, USA NASA, 5 August 1969Mars 1969A, USSR, 27 March 1969Mars 1969B, USSR, 2 April 1969Mariner 8, USA NASA, 9 May 1971Mariner 9, USA NASA, 14 November 1971Mars 2, USSR, November 1971 - August 1972Mars 2 Lander, USSR, 27 November 1971Mars 3, USSR, December 1971 - August 1972Mars 3 Lander, USSR, 2 December 1971Cosmos 419, USSR, 10 May 1971Mars 4, USSR, 10 February 1974Mars 5, USSR, February 1974Mars 6, USSR, 12 March 1974Mars 6 Lander, USSR, 12 March 1974Mars 7, USSR, 9 March 1974Mars 7 Lander, USSR, 9 March 1974Viking 1 Orbiter, USA NASA, June 1976 - August 1980Viking 1 Lander, USA NASA, 20 July 1976 - 13 November 1982Viking 2 Orbiter, USA NASA, August 1976 - July 1978Viking 2 Lander, USA NASA, 3 September 1976 - 11 April 1980Phobos 1, USSR, 7 July 1988Phobos 2, USSR, 29 January 1989 - 27 March 1989Mars Observer, USA NASA, 25 September 1992Mars 96, Russia (RFSA), 16 November 1996Mars Pathfinder, USA NASA, 4 July 1997 - 27 September 1997Sojourner, USA NASA, 6 July 1997Mars Global Surveyor, USA NASA, 12 September 1997 - 2 November 2006Mars Climate Orbiter, USA NASA, 23 September 1999Mars Polar Lander, USA NASA, 3 December 1999Deep Space 2 "Amundsen", USA NASA, 3 December 1999Deep Space 2 "Scott", USA NASA, 3 December 19992001 Mars Odyssey, USA NASA, 24 October 2001Nozomi, Japan (ISAS), 14 December 2003Mars Express, European Space Administration (ESA), 25 December 2003Beagle 2, UK, 25 December 2003MER-A "Spirit", USA NASA, 4 January 2004MER-B "Opportunity", USA NASA, 25 January 2004Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter, USA NASA, 10 March 2006Rosetta, European Sppace Administration (ESA), 25 February 2007Phoenix, USA NASA, 25 May 2008 - 10 November 2008Dawn, USA NASA, 17 February 2009
