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This is a really great question that I often drill into my students heads. During the attack of an alkyl halide by a nucleophile, we see the electrons from the Nucleophile emptying into the anti-bonding orbital present at the rear of the carbon atom. It is at this position..... backside.....that the large-lobed anti-bonding orbital is located. This is seen in the SN2 process. In an SN1 process, a carbocation can form,,,,, resulting in an sp2 intermediate....which can readily be attacked by a nucleophile. Halogens such as I- are excellent leaving groups since the anion is stable. F- is a poor leaving group, since the huge negative charge is so concentrated that is results in an unstablized anion.
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Preparation of ether by williamsons synthesis?
In a Williamson synthesis, an ether is formed by reacting an alcohol and a alkyl halide in the presence of a base. To form the ether R-O-R', one starts with R-OH and R-X, where X is a halogen, typically bromine or chlorine. When mixed with the base, like NaOH, the alcohol is deprotonated, leaving a negatively charged oxygen. This acts as a nucleophile and attacks the carbon bonded to the halogen. The halogen, a good leaving group, is released, leaving behind R-O-R'. This reaction works the best when using primary alcohols and halogens, and will not go at all with tertiary alkyl halides. Ideally, the halide should be on the less substituted of the R groups.
Could a camera casing melt in very cold temperature?
This is a good question. Soldiers had a lot of issues with this during the cold war when being attacked by planes dropping napalm on them.
How are radicals formed when two atoms only combine when they have extra electron or they lack an electron?
Radicals generally only occur when the chemical bond of a molecule is broken such that both resulting compounds both remain neutral in respect to the original compound ( there is no positive or negative ion formed ). a good example of this is the cleavage of the carbon chlorine bond by ultraviolet radiation in the ozone layer of chlorinated hydrocarbonds, the result is a chlorine radical (Cl with 7 electrons and no charge) and a radical with the alkyl group
How did the geography of Egypt affect how people lived?
The geography affected it by where it was located. The empire was located between the Black Sea and the Mediterranean sea. This was a very good location they controlled the trade routes in this area and all of the trade made them a VERY wealth empire. It was also great if they got attacked.
What is minerals good for?
It is good as it contains iron which is good for blood
Are alkyl nitrate poppers stimulants or hallucinogens?
They're a good way to kill yourself.
Preparation of ether by williamsons synthesis?
In a Williamson synthesis, an ether is formed by reacting an alcohol and a alkyl halide in the presence of a base. To form the ether R-O-R', one starts with R-OH and R-X, where X is a halogen, typically bromine or chlorine. When mixed with the base, like NaOH, the alcohol is deprotonated, leaving a negatively charged oxygen. This acts as a nucleophile and attacks the carbon bonded to the halogen. The halogen, a good leaving group, is released, leaving behind R-O-R'. This reaction works the best when using primary alcohols and halogens, and will not go at all with tertiary alkyl halides. Ideally, the halide should be on the less substituted of the R groups.
What are 5 examples of lithium?
The alkali metals (Li, Na, K etc.) and the alkaline earth metals (Mg and Ca, together with Zn) are good reducing agents, the former being stronger than the latter. Sodium, for example, reduces elemental chlorine to chloride anion (sodium is oxidized to its cation), as do the other metals under varying conditions. In a similar fashion these same metals reduce the carbon-halogen bonds of alkyl halides. The halogen is converted to halide anion, and the carbon bonds to the metal (the carbon has carbanionic character). Halide reactivity increases in the order: Cl < Br < I. The following equations illustrate these reactions for the commonly used metals lithium and magnesium (R may be hydrogen or alkyl groups in any combination). The alkyl magnesium halides described in the second reaction are called Grignard Reagents after the French chemist, Victor Grignard, who discovered them. The other metals mentioned above react in a similar manner, but the two shown here are the most widely used. Although the formulas drawn here for the alkyl lithium and Grignard reagents reflect the stoichiometry of the reactions and are widely used in the chemical literature, they do not accurately depict the structural nature of these remarkable substances. Mixtures of polymeric and other associated and complexed species are in equilibrium under the conditions normally used for their preparation.R3C-X + 2Li --> R3C-Li + LiX An Alkyl Lithium ReagentR3C-X + Mg --> R3C-MgX A Grignard ReagentThe metals referred to here are insoluble in most organic solvents, hence these reactions are clearly heterogeneous, i.e. take place on the metal surface. The conditions necessary to achieve a successful reaction are critical.First, the metal must be clean and finely divided so as to provide the largest possible surface area for reaction.Second, a suitable solvent must be used. For alkyl lithium formation pentane, hexane or ethyl ether may be used; but ethyl ether or THF are essential for Grignard reagent formation.Third, since these organometallic compounds are very reactive, contaminants such as water, alcohols and oxygen must be avoided.These reactions are obviously substitution reactions, but they cannot be classified as nucleophilic substitutions, as were the earlier reactions of alkyl halides. Because the functional carbon atom has been reduced, the polarity of the resulting functional group is inverted (an originally electrophilic carbon becomes nucleophilic). This change, shown below, makes alkyl lithium and Grignard reagents unique and useful reactants in synthesis.
Can perform chromyl chloride test in the presence of other halides?
actually,chromyl chloride test is meant to infer whether there is hallide present in the salt.if the test proves to be +ve,then hallide ion is present in the given salt. However let us remember that predominantly covalent chlorides such as HgCl2 and alkyl chlorides,wont give chromyl chloride test.This could be used to good purpose. Since detection of chloride by silver nitrate,followed by its dissolution in dilute ammonia and a negative chromyl chloride test would indicate that the given chloride is covalent and not ionic.
What sentence can you make using defense?
The man had very good defense when he was attacked.
What is a good sentence with the word sudden?
All of a sudden a wild badger attacked me.
What is meant by pseudohalides?
Pseudohalides resemble halides like Cl-, I-, etc in their charge and reactivity, but do not belong to the halide family. They are good electron-withdrawing and leaving groups.Examples include azide (N3-) and isocyanate(OCN-).
What good happened when porcupine attacked brian?
Nothing good happend he tried to pull one of the pricks out and started crying.
Why I'm not feeling good?
You are not feeling good because your body must be attacked by a disease. You should see a doctor for medication.
Why is camouflaging a good way for animals to protect themselves?
because if they can't be found they won't get attacked.
How did NJ conte die?
When Nicolas Conte was walking by the river, a fish jumped and sadly attacked his only good eye. He was blind in his left eye and his right eye was attacked. Sad but true.
What do you do when your budgie gets attacked?
take it 2 a good vet and they will probs give u antibiotics 4 it. that's wat happened wen 1 of my budgies got attacked. now he's fine
