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The letters s, p, d, f originate from the words sharp, principal (or primary), diffuse and fundamental. They're related to the appearance of spectral lines. It's a minor bit of historical trivia that doesn't really mean much of anything anymore. While I've never heard "polar" used, p orbitals do have a nodal plane where the wavefunction on one side is of opposite sign than the corresponding location on the other side, and it might be related to that. It's kind of misleading term, though, as it implies that it has something to do with electrical polarity which is not in fact the case.
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