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Aircraft can approach an antenna from any direction, so antennas need to be omni ("all") directional in the horizontal plane.

Early on, the easiest way to get omnidirectionality was to use vertical polarisation, and it's also the simplest kind of antenna - a simple rod or wire (of the right length) works just fine.

Subsequent antenna design has produced omnidirectional antennas with horizontal polarisation, but there are no significant advantages, and the design/construction is more complex than a vertical equivalent.

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Q: Why aircraft vhf antennas are polatised vertically?
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