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Why are antihypertensive drugs used sparingly in cases of preeclampsia and eclampsia?
GaleEncyofMedicine
Lowering the mother's blood pressure will decrease the amount of blood reaching the fetus. This places the fetus at risk for oxygen deprivation.
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How many cases of preeclampsia develop into eclampsia?
Eclampsia occurs in about 1 out of every 200 women with preeclampsia.
Which is the best antihypertensive drug for people with first degree AV block?
metoprolol succcinate 50/100 is the best for such cases BoB
Eclampsia?
DefinitionEclampsia is seizures (convulsions) in a pregnant woman that are not related to a preexisting brain condition.See also: PreeclampsiaAlternative NamesToxemia with seizuresCauses, incidence, and risk factorsThe cause of eclampsia is not well understood. Researchers believe the following may play a role:Blood vesselsBrain and nervous system (neurological) factorsDietGenesHowever, no theories have yet been proven.Eclampsia follows preeclampsia, a serious complication of pregnancy that includes high blood pressure and excess and rapid weight gain.It is difficult to predict which women with preeclampsia will go on to have seizures. Women at high risk for seizures have severe preeclampsia and:Abnormal blood testsHeadachesVery high blood pressureVision changesEclampsia occurs in about 1 out of every 2,000 to 3,000 pregnancies. The following increase a woman's chance for getting preeclampsia:Being 35 or olderBeing African AmericanFirst pregnancyHistory of diabetes, high blood pressure, or kidney (renal) diseaseMultiple pregnancies (twins, triplets, etc.)Teenage pregnancySymptomsMuscle aches and painsSeizuresSevere agitationUnconsciousnessSymptoms of preeclampsia include:Gaining more than 2 pounds per weekHeadachesNausea and vomitingStomach painSwelling of the hands and faceVision problemsSigns and testsThe health care provider will do a physical exam and rule out other possible causes of seizures. Blood pressure and breathing rate will be checked and monitored.Blood and urine tests may be done to check:Blood clotting factorsCreatinineHematocritUric acidLiver functionPlatelet countProtein in the urineTreatmentIf you have preeclampsia your health care provider should carefully monitor you for signs of worsening and potential eclampsia. Delivery is the treatment of choice for severe preeclampsia in an attempt to prevent eclampsia. Delivering the baby relieves the condition. Prolonging the pregnancy can be dangerous to both you and your infant.With careful monitoring, the goal is to manage severe cases until 32 - 34 weeks into the pregnancy, and mild cases until 36 - 37 weeks have passed. This helps reduce complications from premature delivery.You may be given medicine to prevent seizures (anticonvulsant). Magnesium sulfate is a safe drug for both you and your baby. Your doctor may prescribe medication to lower high blood pressure, but you may have to deliver if your blood pressure stays high, even with medication.Expectations (prognosis)Women in the United States rarely die from eclampsia.ComplicationsThere is a higher risk for separation of the placenta (placenta abruptio) with preeclampsia or eclampsia. There may be complications for the baby due to premature delivery.A blood clotting abnormality called DIC (disseminated intravascular coagulation) may occur.Calling your health care providerCall your health care provider or go to the emergency room if you have any symptoms of eclampsia or preeclampsia. Emergency symptoms include seizures or decreased consciousness.PreventionIt is important for all pregnant women to get early and ongoing medical care. This allows for the early diagnosis and treatment of conditions such as preeclampsia. Treating preeclampsia may prevent eclampsia.ReferencesACOG Practice Bulletin Committee. Diagnosis and management of preeclampsia and eclampsia. Obstet Gynecol. 2002;99:159-167.Gabbe SG, Niebyl JR, Simpson JL. Obstetrics - Normal and Problem Pregnancies. 4th ed. New York, NY: Churchill Livingstone; 2002:974-983.Sibai BM. Hypertension. In: Gabbe SG, Niebyl JR, Simpson JL, eds. Obstetrics: Normal and Problem Pregnancies. 5th ed. Philadelphia, Pa: Elsevier Churchill Livingstone; 2007:chap 33.
What factor does the mother's health play in determining if a cesarean section is performed?
The mother's health may make delivery by c-section the safer choice, especially in cases of maternal diabetes, hypertension, genital herpes, malignancies of the genital tract, and preeclampsia.
Is it safe to deliver at 35 weeks?
It is generally safe to go for delivery by 36 weeks. When indicated like in preeclampsia, you may go for delivery at 35 weeks. You may have to put the baby in premature baby unit to give that extra care.
What is preclamsyia and how does it affect mother baby?
This is high blood pressure brought on by pregnancy. You can have complications during birth. It can be fatal to the life of mother and baby. ============================ Pre eclampsia is diagnosed when you have 2 of the following signs: 1. High blood pressure (usually 140/90 or above) 2. Ketones (protein) in the urine (tested by a strip dipped into urine) 3 Swelling of the ankles/ legs (edema), particularly if your fingermarks show when you press on the swelling (pitting edema). When pre eclampsia is diagnosed you will have more frequent doctor and/or midwife appointments to check on your and your baby's condition/health. In some cases, pre eclampsia can progress (get worse) and your baby will be induced and delivered earlier than your due date. Pre eclampsia can progress if undiagnosed and untreated to become eclampsia. This means that the mother may have fits (seizures) and this can endanger her and her baby's life. Careful monitoring and treatment of a mother with pre eclampsia usually prevents eclampsia in most cases. Pre eclampsia usually occurs after the 30 - 32nd week of pregnancy, although it can occur earlier. (this is usually more serious) Effects on the baby: 1. The baby may be born prematurely (before 36 weeks of gestation). 2. The baby may be small in size as high blood pressure restricts the flow of blood to the placenta (afterbirth) and the baby gets less nutrition. (this is called Intra-Uterine Growth Retardation or IUGR) 3. Acidosis - the restricted blood flow to the placenta means that the baby gets less oxygen and has to use it's own reserves in the muscles. This results in lactic acid being produced and is poisonous to the baby. The baby is at severe risk here and needs to be delivered urgently. If untreated there is a risk that the baby will die. This is why antenatal (prenatal) checkups are so important. So make sure you keep your appointments with your midwife and/or doctor.
Will rubbing alcohol ruin a microsuede couch?
If used sparingly, especially in cases of using rubbing alcohol to clean a small stain, rubbing alcohol evaporates quickly enough to not cause damage to microsuede furniture.
5 causes of maternal mortality and infant?
Hemorrhage: Excessive bleeding during childbirth can lead to severe maternal complications and, in some cases, death. Infections: Inadequate postnatal care and unhygienic birthing conditions can increase the risk of infections, affecting both mother and infant health. Hypertensive disorders: Conditions like preeclampsia and eclampsia can cause serious complications for both mother and infant, leading to mortality if not managed properly. Obstructed labor: Prolonged or obstructed labor can result in birth complications that endanger the lives of both mother and infant. Lack of access to quality healthcare: Limited access to skilled birth attendants, emergency obstetric care, and essential medications can contribute to maternal and infant mortality rates.
Is passive voice used in thesis writing?
Passive voice can be used in thesis writing, but it is generally recommended to use active voice to make the writing more direct, clear, and engaging for the reader. However, in some cases where the emphasis is on the action or when the subject is unknown, passive voice may be appropriate.
When Is it okay to copy something that has been copyrighted?
You can legally copy protected works when you are the copyright owner, or you have permission from the copyright holder or an exemption in the law. The most commonly cited exception is fair use or fair dealing, which is intended to allow certain limited uses in cases such as education and critique; fair use is exceptionally (and intentionally) vague, and should be relied on sparingly.
What are the different types of use cases?
There are many types of cases depending what area one is talking about. There are storage cases, court cases, cd cases, glasses cases, stating cases, and nut cases.
Preeclampsia?
DefinitionPreeclampsia is a pregnancy condition in which high blood pressure and protein in the urine develop after the 20th week (late 2nd or 3rd trimester) of pregnancy.Alternative NamesToxemia; Pregnancy-induced hypertension (PIH)Causes, incidence, and risk factorsThe exact cause of preeclampsia is not known. Possible causes include:Autoimmune disordersBlood vessel problemsDietGenesPreeclampsia occurs in a small percentage of pregnancies. Risk factors include:First pregnancyMultiple pregnancy (twins or more)ObesityOlder than age 35Past history of diabetes, high blood pressure, or kidney diseaseSymptomsOften, women who are diagnosed with preeclampsia do not feel sick.Symptoms of preeclampsia can include:Swelling of the hands and face/eyes (edema)Weight gain More than 2 pounds per weekSudden weight gain over 1 - 2 daysNote: Some swelling of the feet and ankles is considered normal with pregnancy.Symptoms of more severe preeclampsia:Headaches that are dull or throbbing and will not go awayAbdominal pain, mostly felt on the right side, underneath the ribs. Pain may also be felt in the right shoulder, and can be confused with heartburn, gallbladder pain, a stomach virus, or the baby kickingAgitationDecreased urine output, not urinating very oftenNausea and vomiting (worrisome sign)Vision changes -- temporary loss of vision, sensations of flashing lights, auras, light sensitivity, spots, and blurry visionSigns and testsThe doctor will perform a physical exam and order laboratory tests. Signs of preclampsia include:High blood pressure, usually higher than 140/90 mm/HgProtein in the urine (proteinuria)The physical exam may also reveal:Swelling in the hands and faceWeight gainBlood and urine tests will be done. Abnormal results include:Protein in the urine (proteinuria)Higher-than-normal liver enzymesPlatelet count less than 100,000 (thrombocytopenia)Your doctor will also order tests to see how well your blood clots, and to monitor the health of the baby. Tests to monitor the baby's well-being include pregnancy ultrasound, non-stress test, and a biophysical profile. The results of these tests will help your doctor decide whether your baby needs to be delivered immediately.Women who began their pregnancy with very low blood pressure, but had a significant rise in blood pressure need to be watched closely for other signs of preeclampsia.TreatmentThe only way to cure preeclampsia is to deliver the baby.If your baby is developed enough (usually 37 weeks or later), your doctor may want your baby to be delivered so the preeclampsia does not get worse. You may receive different treatments to help trigger labor, or you may need a c-section.If your baby is not fully developed and you have mild preeclampsia, the disease can often be managed at home until your baby has a good chance of surviving after delivery. The doctor will probably recommend the following:Getting bed rest at home, lying on your left side most or all of the timeDrinking extra glasses of water a day and eating less saltFollowing-up with your doctor more often to make sure you and your baby are doing wellTaking medicines to lower your blood pressure (in some cases)Immediately call your doctor if you gain more weight or have new symptoms.In some cases, a pregnant woman with preeclampsia is admitted to the hospital so the health care team can more closely watch the baby and mother.Treatment may involve:Medicines given into a vein to control blood pressure, as well as to prevent seizures and other complicationsSteroid injections (after 24 weeks) to help speed up the development of the baby's lungsYou and your doctor will continue to discuss the safest time to deliver your baby, considering:How close you are to your due date. The further along you are in the pregnancy before you deliver, the better it is for your baby.The severity of the preeclampsia. Preeclampsia has many severe complications that can harm the mother.How well the baby is doing in the womb.The baby must be delivered if you have signs of severe preeclampsia, which include:Tests (ultrasound, biophysical profile) that show your baby is not growing well or is not getting enough blood and oxygenThe bottom number of the mother's blood pressure is confirmed to be over 110 mmHg or is greater than 100 mmHg consistently over a 24-hour periodAbnormal liver function testsSevere headachesPain in the belly area (abdomen)EclampsiaFluid in the mother's lungs (pulmonary edema)HELLP syndromeLow platelet count (thrombocytopenia)Decline in kidney function (low amount of urine, large amount of protein in the urine, increase in the level of creatinine in the blood)Expectations (prognosis)Usually the high blood pressure, protein in the urine, and other effects of preeclampsia go away completely within 6 weeks after delivery. However, sometimes the high blood pressure will get worse in the first several days after delivery.A woman with a history of preeclampsia is at risk for the condition again during future pregnancies. Often, it is not as severe in later pregnancies.Women who have high blood pressure problems during more than one pregnancy have an increased risk for high blood pressure when they get older.Death of the mother due to preeclampsia is rare in the U.S. The infant's risk of death depends on the severity of the preeclampsia and how prematurely the baby is born.ComplicationsPreeclampsia can develop into eclampsia if the mother has seizures. Complications in the baby can occur if the baby is delivered prematurely.There can be other severe complications for the mother, including:Bleeding problemsPremature separation of the placenta from the uterus before the baby is born (placental abruption)Rupture of the liverStrokeDeath (rarely)However, these complications are unusual.Severe preeclampsia may lead to HELLP syndrome.Calling your health care providerCall your health care provider if you have symptoms of preeclampsia during your pregnancy.PreventionAlthough there is no known way to prevent preeclampsia, it is important for all pregnant women to start prenatal care early and continue it through the pregnancy. This allows the health care provider to find and treat conditions such as preeclampsia early.Proper prenatal care is essential. At each pregnancy checkup, yor health care provider will check your weight, blood pressure, and urine (through a urine dipstick test) to screen you for preeclampsia.As with any pregnancy, a good prenatal diet full of vitamins, antioxidants, minerals, and the basic food groups is important. Cutting back on processed foods, refined sugars, and cutting out caffeine, alcohol, and any medication not prescribed by a doctor is essential. Talk to your health care provider before taking any supplements, including herbal preparations.ReferencesSibai BM. Hypertension. In: Gabbe SG, Niebyl JR, Simpson JL, eds. Obstetrics - Normal and Problem Pregnancies. 5th ed. Philadelphia, Pa: Elsevier Churchill Livingstone; 2007:chap 33.Cunnigham FG, Leveno KL, Bloom SL, et al . Hypertensive disorders in pregnancy. In: Cunnigham FG, Leveno KL, Bloom SL, et al, eds. Williams Obstetrics. 22nd ed. New York, NY; McGraw-Hill; 2005:chap 34.
