Your question really piqued my interest, so I did some digging and this is what I found:
A canine's (dog's) nose is a very important evolutionary adaptation. As you may already know, your dog can smell things you couldn't dream of. If you compare your dog to yourself, you are completely "nose blind". You can see color, but it's quite likely that he can "smell" it.
The side slits on your dog's nose to allow him to exhale without disturbing the scent particles in front of his nose. Those particles go inside his nose to tell him what's going on. The front nostrils are designed to take in air, but the side slits allow air to escape as exhalation (breathing out). A small amount of air escapes through the front nostrils as well, but the slits release most of it, creating a kind of reverse current of air in front of his nose.
Did you know that your dog can move each nostril independently? A dog can determine which nostril is breathing in a certain, specific scent, helping him to detect the direction of the smell. Breathing out the side slits helps release the air while holding scent particles in the nostrils. That means a dog isn't likely to lose a scent once he's got it.
No, dogs only have two nostrils.
Your nostrils are too small. You need to make a tiny slit with a Stanley knife to enable the air to flow in freely.
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Camels are able to actually close their nostrils to protect against the desert sand.
If you look at a dogs nose, there are two slits on the side of the dogs nostrals. So, say a dog is tracking somthing. When the dog breaths in the scent, the slits open, blocking the front of the nostrils. This allows the dog to breath the air back out, though the now open area on the side of the nostrils, with out blowing away the scent in front of him/her.
Rhinarium is the naked skin surrounding the external openings of the nostrils, for example, the bare nose on cats and dogs.
To prevent sand entering into their nose
Maybe because, with their noses point down, their nostrils keep training but don't dry out.
A horse has two nostrils.
frogs have nostrils inside of the mouth.
Slitting is the present participle of slit.
4. 2 you can see, 2 you can't. This was found out by observing how fish breathe. Fish get their oxygen from the water. Most of them have 2 sets of nostrils, a forward facing set for letting water in and a pair of "exhaust pipes" for letting it out again. If humans evolved from fishes, where did the other two go? The answer is that they moved back inside the head to become internal nostrils called choannae (Greek for funnels). These are connected to the throat and are what allow us to breathe through our noses.