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The first 4, Mercury, Venus, Earth, and mars are the ones.
No, any planet with an axial tilt will have seasons, for instance Uranus has seasons.
An inner planet is one of the ones that constitutes the inner part of our solar system. The ones we consider inner planets are those that are smaller and solid (as opposed to the massive, gaseous outer planets such as Jupiter and Saturn) and are surrounded by the ring formed by the zone of the asteroid belt. Those are considered inner planets include Mercury, Venus, Earth, and Mars.
The 'furthest planet away from the Sun' is not one of those. Neptune is the planet which is furthest from the Sun. Of the ones you ask about, Jupiter is the "further". The sequence, moving outwards from the Sun is # Mercury # Venus # Earth # Mars # Jupiter # Saturn # Uranus # Neptune
Earth and Mars are the only ones.
This depends on the planet. Some have none, like Venus; some have one, like Earth. Mars has two, Jupiter is a few dozen little ones plus four big ones, Saturn has a bunch. There isn't any single correct answer.
If you start at the Sun and work outwards the planets are... Mercury, Venus, Earth, Mars, Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, Neptune and the minor planet Pluto. KrawlR: Pluto is a dwarf planet along with ceres haumea makemake Eris charon orcus ixion varuna quaoar sedna dysnomia and some other code named ones.
That depends on the gravity at the surface of that planet. On the moon it would be 1/6 your weight on earth. On mars I think it is 1/3, on Jupiter it would be about 5000 times, though no ones checked that yet.
The five outer planets are the ones with bigger orbits than the Earth, which are Mars and the four giant planets. The outer planets can be seen at their brightest at midnight, when they are at opposition. That never happens for the inner planets Mercury and Venus.
Earth smart ones
All the ones further out than the Earth, in contrast to the ones with inner orbits, called 'hot' planets.
Mars has two moons: Phobos and Deimos. The stars seen in the sky of Mars are the same ones we see from Earth.