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Water and air are both fluids, but water is a lot "thicker" than air. In order to move forward, you need to push the stuff in front of you out the way. It's quite an effort to push a load of heavy water out the way, but air offers very little resistance. It is the viscosity of water that is in the way here, and we're talking about the physics of shear forces in fluids. Water is much more viscous than air, and is much more resistant to shear forces. Yes, water is a liquid, but air is a gas.

If you consider yourself trying to walk in the shallow end of a swimming pool and then walking normally in air, you have an accurate picture of what's going on. The aircraft engine(s) can develop enough trust to really tear through the fluid in which it is operating (which is air). Any "basic" contemporary military submarine probably has much more shaft horsepower than a jet fighter has thrust, but there is no way to get through the water anywhere nearly as quickly. And a submarine is not set up for speed in any case. It must "creep" through the water to avoid making sufficient noise to be detected.

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Q: Why can planes travel faster than submarines?
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