The mirrors are perfectly perpendicular
. You can read the paper describing how very clear fringes are made by Fresnel biprism well. Paper title : Compact Design of a Nomarski Interferometer and Its Application in the Diagnostics of Coulomb Explosions of Deuterium Clusters
Well There are loads of fringes around, but the most popular is probably the side fringe and full fringe.
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by the light and dark spots (fringes)
In a ripple tank experiment, the dark and bright fringes on the screen correspond to the interference patterns created by the superposition of water waves. When a ripple tank is set up with a coherent source of waves, such as a vibrating paddle, it generates a series of circular waves that propagate outward. These waves can interact and interfere with each other, leading to the formation of dark and bright fringes on the screen. The dark fringes, also known as nodal lines or nodes, occur where the crest of one wave coincides with the trough of another wave. At these points, the waves destructively interfere, resulting in a minimum amplitude or no displacement of the water surface. Consequently, the water appears darker at these locations. On the other hand, the bright fringes, also called antinodal lines or antinodes, are formed when the crests of the waves align or when the troughs align. At these points, the waves constructively interfere, causing the amplitude of the resulting wave to be higher. The water surface exhibits maximum displacement, and as a result, these areas appear brighter compared to the surrounding regions. The dark and bright fringes in a ripple tank experiment demonstrate the wave nature of water waves and illustrate how the interference of waves can create patterns of varying amplitudes and intensities. These patterns are analogous to the interference patterns observed in other wave phenomena, such as light waves.
In michelson interferometer the mirros are perpendicular and because of our eye viewed direction and angle theta the fringes are circular
two fringes .... since each half a wavelength distance corresponds to a fringe change!
Waves traveling through space interfere and produce visible fringes if the conditions are right. In particular, the waves must have some degree of spatial and temporal coherence over a region of space. Fringe localization defines the region of space where interference occurs and fringes with reasonably good contrast are observed. The location of this region relative to the components of the interferometer depends on properties of the source and geometry of the interferometer. In this section, basic properties of fringe localization are illustrated for various types of sources and interferometers. one can divide the different degree of localization in the following way: 1) Localized everywhere: The fringes have high visibility everywhere in the observation space. (Also called non-localized or unlocalized.) 2) Localized: The fringes have high visibility over some surface in the observation space. The fringe localization surface can be curved. 3) Localized at infinity: A lens is used to transform the angular distribution of fringes into a spatial distribution of fringes on an observation plane with high visibility. The observation plane is usually at the back focus of the lens. Otherwise, fringe visibility is too low for observation. (Also called Haidinger's fringes or fringes of equal inclination.) 4) Fringes of equal thickness: Localized fringes, where fringes correspond to contours of constant thickness between two surfaces.
The circular fringes are obtained while viewing the lens through the travelling microscope. It is formed on the lens of the travelling microscope.
. You can read the paper describing how very clear fringes are made by Fresnel biprism well. Paper title : Compact Design of a Nomarski Interferometer and Its Application in the Diagnostics of Coulomb Explosions of Deuterium Clusters
A lens that only has one flat surface is called a plano convex lens. The plano convex lens makes fringes circular because the air film is symmetrical.
Biprism produce straight fringe systems while Newton's rings are circular fringe patterns.
Since a plano-convex lens is being used in Newton's Rings .. that's why=the fringes are seen circular from above, on the glass plate.=
Waves traveling through space interfere and produce visible fringes if the conditions are right. In particular, the waves must have some degree of spatial and temporal coherence over a region of space. Fringe localization defines the region of space where interference occurs and fringes with reasonably good contrast are observed. The location of this region relative to the components of the interferometer depends on properties of the source and geometry of the interferometer. In this section, basic properties of fringe localization are illustrated for various types of sources and interferometers. one can divide the different degree of localization in the following way: 1) Localized everywhere: The fringes have high visibility everywhere in the observation space. (Also called non-localized or unlocalized.) 2) Localized: The fringes have high visibility over some surface in the observation space. The fringe localization surface can be curved. 3) Localized at infinity: A lens is used to transform the angular distribution of fringes into a spatial distribution of fringes on an observation plane with high visibility. The observation plane is usually at the back focus of the lens. Otherwise, fringe visibility is too low for observation. (Also called Haidinger's fringes or fringes of equal inclination.) 4) Fringes of equal thickness: Localized fringes, where fringes correspond to contours of constant thickness between two surfaces.
intensity of ring formed depends upon the thickness of air coloumn b\w the lens & glass plate.and the locus of points having same thickness of aircolumn is a circle,with the center as the point of contact of b\w the glass plate and lens.
When the reflected ray of resulting interference is parallel by which fringes formed at infinity then this type of fringes is known as non localised fringes
fringes are bangs (worn as a hairstyle)