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The Nobel Prize in Physics 1957 was awarded jointly to Chen Ning Yang and Tsung-Dao (T.D.) Lee for their penetrating investigation of the so-called parity laws which has led to important discoveries regarding the elementary particles
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Who won The Nobel Prize in Physics in 1957?
Chen Ning Yang won The Nobel Prize in Physics in 1957.
What does mrs chen stand for in energy?
Mechanical Radiant Sound Chemical Heat Electric Nuclear Kinetic Potential this is not wrong
How are force and charge related?
That force pushes or pulls an object. Charge is a electronic device that gives more gas to a thing so it will run again tony chen
Proton therapy?
DefinitionProton therapy is a kind of radiation used to treat cancer. Like other types of radiation, proton therapy kills cancer cells and stops them from growing.InformationUnlike other types of radiation therapy that use x-rays to destroy cancer cells, proton therapy uses a beam of special particles called protons. Doctors can better aim proton beams onto a tumor, so there is less damage to the surrounding healthy tissue. This allows doctors to use a higher dose of radiation with proton therapy than they can use with x-rays.Proton therapy is used to treat cancers that have not spread. Doctors may use proton therapy to treat the following types of cancer:Brain (acoustic neuroma, childhood brain tumors)Eye (ocular melanoma, retinoblastoma)Head and neckLungSpine (chordoma, chondrosarcoma)ProstateResearchers are also studying whether proton therapy might be used to treat other noncancerous conditions, including macular degeneration.HOW IT WORKSYour health care provider will fit you with a special device that holds your body still during treatment. The actual device used depends on the location of your cancer. For example, patients with head cancers may be fitted for a special mask.Next, you will have a computed tomography (CT) or magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scan to map out the exact area to be treated. During the scan, you will wear the device that helps you stay still. The radiation oncologist will use a computer to trace the tumor and outline the angles at which the proton beams will enter your body.Proton therapy is performed on an outpatient basis. The treatment takes a few minutes a day over a period of 6 to 7 weeks, depending on the type of cancer. Before the treatment begins, you will get into the device that will hold you still. The radiation therapist will take a few x-rays to fine-tune the treatment.You will be placed inside a donut-shaped device called a gantry. It will rotate around you and point the protons in the direction of the tumor. A machine called a synchrotron or cyclotron creates and speeds up the protons. Then the protons are removed from the machine and magnets direct them to the tumor.The technician will leave the room while you are having proton therapy. The treatment should only take 1 to 2 minutes. You shouldn't feel any discomfort. After the treatment is over, the technician will return to the room and help you remove the device that held you still.SIDE EFFECTSProton therapy may have side effects, but these tend to be milder than with x-ray radiation because proton therapy causes less damage to healthy tissues. Side effects depend upon the area being treated, but may include skin redness in the radiation area, and temporary hair loss.AFTER THE PROCEDUREFollowing proton therapy, you should be able to resume your normal activities. You will likely see your doctor every 3 to 4 months for a follow-up exam.ReferencesBrada M. Proton therapy in clinical practice: current clinical evidence. J Clin Oncol. 2007;25:965-970.Lee AK, Frank SJ. Update on radiation therapy in prostate cancer. Hematol Oncol Clin North Am. 2006;20:857-878.Halperin EC. Proton therapy and treatment of cancer. Lancet Oncol. 2006;7:676-685.
Heart MRI?
DefinitionHeart magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is a imaging method that uses powerful magnets and radio waves to create pictures of the heart. It does not use radiation (x-rays).The test may be done as part of a chest MRI.Unlike x-raysand computed tomographic (CT) scans, which use radiation, MRI uses powerful magnets and radio waves. The MRI scanner contains the magnet. The magnetic field produced by an MRI is about 10 thousand times greater than the earth's.The magnetic field forces hydrogen atoms in the body to line up in a certain way (similar to how the needle on a compass moves when you hold it near a magnet). When radio waves are sent toward the lined-up hydrogen atoms, they bounce back, and a computer records the signal. Different types of tissues send back different signals.Alternative NamesMagnetic resonance imaging - cardiac; Magnetic resonance imaging - heart; Nuclear magnetic resonance - cardiac; NMR - cardiac; MRI of the heartHow the test is performedYou may be asked to wear a hospital gown or clothing without metal fasteners (such as sweatpants and a t-shirt). Certain types of metal can cause inaccurate images.You will lie on a narrow table, which slides into into a large tunnel-like tube.Some exams require a special dye (contrast). The dye is usually given before the test through a vein (IV) in your hand or forearm. The dye helps the radiologist see certain areas more clearly.During the MRI, the person who operates the machine will watch you from another room.Several sets of images are usually needed. Single MRI images are called slices. The images can be stored on a computer or printed on film. One exam produces dozens or sometimes hundreds of images. Each image takes about 2-15 minutes. A complete scan may take up to 1 hour. Newer scanners may complete the process in less time.How to prepare for the testYou may be asked not to eat or drink anything for 4 - 6 hours before the scan. If you fear confined spaces (have claustrophobia), tell your doctor before the exam. You may be given a medicine to help you feel sleepy and less anxious, or your doctor may recommend an "open" MRI, in which the machine is not as close to the body.Before the test, tell the radiologist if you are currently receiving dialysis, as this may affect whether you can have IV contrast.The strong magnetic fields created during an MRI can interfere with certain implants, particularly pacemakers. People with cardiac pacemakers cannot have an MRI and should not enter an MRI area.You may not be able to have an MRI if you have any of the following metallic objects in your body:Brain aneurysm clipsCertain artificial heart valvesInner ear (cochlear) implantsRecently placed artificial jointsSome older types of vascular stentsTell your health care provider if you have one of these devices when scheduling the test, so the exact type of metal can be determined.Before an MRI, sheet metal workers or any person who may have been exposed to small metal fragments should receive a skull x-ray to check for metal in the eyes.Because the MRI contains a magnet, metal-containing objects such as pens, pocketknives, and eyeglasses may fly across the room. This can be dangerous, so they are not allowed into the scanner area.Other metallic objects are also not allowed into the room:Items such as jewelry, watches, credit cards, and hearing aids can be damaged.Pins, hairpins, metal zippers, and similar metallic items can distort the images.Removable dental work should be taken out just before the scan.How the test will feelA heart MRI exam causes no pain. Some people may become anxious when inside the scanner. If you have difficulty lying still or are very anxious, you may be given a mild sedative. Excessive movement can blur MRI images and cause errors.The table may be hard or cold, but you can request a blanket or pillow. The machine produces loud thumping and humming noises when turned on. Ear plugs are usually given to help reduce the noise.An intercom in the scanner allows you to speak to the person operating the exam at any time. Some MRI scanners have televisions and special headphones that you can use to help the time pass.There is no recovery time, unless sedation was necessary. (You will need someone to drive you home if sedation was given.) After an MRI scan, you can resume your normal diet, activity, and medications, unless otherwise instructed by your doctor.Why the test is performedMRI provides detailed pictures of the heart and blood vessels from many views.It may be used to diagnose:Heart muscle damage after a heart attackBirth defects of the heartHeart tumors and growthsMRI is sometimes used to avoid the dangers of angiography, repeated exposure to radiation, or the use of iodine-based dye (contrast).It may provide additional information when an echocardiogram is unclear.What abnormal results meanThe sensitivity of MRI depends, in part, on the experience of the radiologist.A heart MRI may reveal the following disorders:Heart valve disordersPericardial effusionTumor invasion of blood vessels or pericardium (around the heart)Atrial myxomaCongenital heart abnormalities (such as pulmonary atresia)Fibrosis or scarring of heart muscleHow much heart muscle is dead (after a heart attack)What the risks areThere is no radiation involved in MRI. The magnetic fields and radio waves used during the same have not been shown to cause any significant side effects.Allergic reactions to the dye used during the exam are rare. The most common type of contrast (dye) used is gadolinium. It is very safe. The person operating the machine will monitor your heart rate and breathing as needed.People have been harmed in MRI machines when they did not remove metal objects from their clothes or when metal objects were left in the room by others.MRI is usually not recommended for traumatic injuries, because traction and life-support equipment cannot safely enter the scanner area, and scans can take a long time.Special considerationsMRI is more accurate than CTscan or other tests for certain conditions, but less accurate for others. MRIs can be costly, take a long time to perform, and are sensitive to movement. Persons with claustrophobia or who are anxious may have difficulty lying still for the scans.ReferencesWilkinson ID, Paley MNJ. Magnetic Resonance Imaging: Basic Principles. In: Grainger RC, Allison D, Adam, Dixon AK, eds. Diagnostic Radiology: A Textbook of Medical Imaging. 5th ed. New York, NY: Churchill Livingstone; 2008:chap 5.Introduction. In: Mettler FA Jr. Essentials of Radiology. 2nd ed. Philadelphia, Pa: Saunders Elsevier; 2005:chap 1.
Who won The Nobel Prize in Physics in 1957?
Chen Ning Yang won The Nobel Prize in Physics in 1957.
What Nobel Prize did Chen Ning Yang win and when was it awarded?
Chen Ning Yang won The Nobel Prize in Physics in 1957.
How many Chinese have won the Nobel prize?
9 ethnic Chinese. 杨振宁 Chen-Ning Franklin Yang, 1957 physics 李政道 Tsung-Dao Lee, 1957 physics 丁肇中 Samuel Chao Chung Ting, 1976 physics 朱棣文 Steven Chu, 1997 physics 崔琦 Daniel Chee Tsui, 1998 physics 李远哲 Yuan Tseh Lee, 1986 chemistry 高行健 Xingjian Gao, 2000 literature 钱永健 Roger Yonchien Tsien, 2008 chemistry 高锟 Charles Kuen Kao, 2009 physics
How many chinese won the nobel prize?
9 ethnic Chinese. 杨振宁 Chen-Ning Franklin Yang, 1957 physics 李政道 Tsung-Dao Lee, 1957 physics 丁肇中 Samuel Chao Chung Ting, 1976 physics 朱棣文 Steven Chu, 1997 physics 崔琦 Daniel Chee Tsui, 1998 physics 李远哲 Yuan Tseh Lee, 1986 chemistry 高行健 Xingjian Gao, 2000 literature 钱永健 Roger Yonchien Tsien, 2008 chemistry 高锟 Charles Kuen Kao, 2009 physics
How many Nobel prize winners are Chinese by ethnic or by nationality?
10, 9 in basic Science.Five Chinese in Physics:1957 - Chen Ning Yang, Tsung-Dao Lee1976 Samuel C.C. Ting1997: Steven Chu1998: Daniel Chee Tsui2009: Charles Kuen KaoTwo in Chemistry :1986 Yuan Tseh Lee in Chemistry2008 Roger Tsien in ChemistryOne in Literature:2000 Gao Xingjian in LiteratureOne in "Peace"1989 Dalai Lama
When did Chen Fake die?
Chen Fake died in 1957.
When was Chen Jinchu born?
Chen Jinchu was born on 1957-08-03.
What has the author Renlie Chen written?
Renlie Chen has written: 'Tong ji wu li yin lun' -- subject(s): Statistical physics
What has the author J P Chen written?
J. P. Chen has written: 'Spin structure at long distance' -- subject(s): Particles (Nuclear physics), Congresses, Chirality, Nuclear spin
What actors and actresses appeared in Yan wu xiao hun - 1957?
The cast of Yan wu xiao hun - 1957 includes: Wan Chan Kuang Chao Chiang as Chen Mingchun Yun Chen Hsiang Ko Fung Kong as Du Mei
What has the author R Chen written?
R. Chen has written: 'Thermally and optically stimulated luminescence' -- subject(s): Optically stimulated luminescence dating, Thermoluminescence, Thermoluminescence dosimetry, SCIENCE / Molecular Physics
What actors and actresses appeared in Xiang xi gan shi ji - 1957?
The cast of Xiang xi gan shi ji - 1957 includes: Peter Chen Ho Lu Chi Ching Chung Yu Hsin Chen Xiaonong Ma Li Ma Yun Wen Tien Wu Shaoquan Zhu
